wgpu_core/device/

global.rs

use alloc::{borrow::Cow, boxed::Box, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
use core::{ptr::NonNull, sync::atomic::Ordering};

#[cfg(feature = "trace")]
use crate::device::trace::{self, IntoTrace};
use crate::{
    api_log,
    binding_model::{
        self, BindGroupEntry, BindingResource, BufferBinding, ResolvedBindGroupDescriptor,
        ResolvedBindGroupEntry, ResolvedBindingResource, ResolvedBufferBinding,
    },
    command::{self, CommandEncoder},
    conv,
    device::{life::WaitIdleError, DeviceError, DeviceLostClosure},
    global::Global,
    id::{self, AdapterId, DeviceId, QueueId, SurfaceId},
    instance::{self, Adapter, Surface},
    pipeline::{
        self, RenderPipelineVertexProcessor, ResolvedComputePipelineDescriptor,
        ResolvedFragmentState, ResolvedGeneralRenderPipelineDescriptor, ResolvedMeshState,
        ResolvedProgrammableStageDescriptor, ResolvedTaskState, ResolvedVertexState,
    },
    present,
    resource::{
        self, BufferAccessError, BufferAccessResult, BufferMapOperation, CreateBufferError,
        Fallible,
    },
    storage::Storage,
    Label, LabelHelpers,
};

use wgt::{BufferAddress, TextureFormat};

use super::UserClosures;

impl Global {
    pub fn adapter_is_surface_supported(
        &self,
        adapter_id: AdapterId,
        surface_id: SurfaceId,
    ) -> bool {
        let surface = self.surfaces.get(surface_id);
        let adapter = self.hub.adapters.get(adapter_id);
        adapter.is_surface_supported(&surface)
    }

    pub fn surface_get_capabilities(
        &self,
        surface_id: SurfaceId,
        adapter_id: AdapterId,
    ) -> Result<wgt::SurfaceCapabilities, instance::GetSurfaceSupportError> {
        profiling::scope!("Surface::get_capabilities");
        self.fetch_adapter_and_surface::<_, _>(surface_id, adapter_id, |adapter, surface| {
            let mut hal_caps = surface.get_capabilities(adapter)?;

            hal_caps.formats.sort_by_key(|f| !f.is_srgb());

            let usages = conv::map_texture_usage_from_hal(hal_caps.usage);

            Ok(wgt::SurfaceCapabilities {
                formats: hal_caps.formats,
                present_modes: hal_caps.present_modes,
                alpha_modes: hal_caps.composite_alpha_modes,
                usages,
            })
        })
    }

    fn fetch_adapter_and_surface<F: FnOnce(&Adapter, &Surface) -> B, B>(
        &self,
        surface_id: SurfaceId,
        adapter_id: AdapterId,
        get_supported_callback: F,
    ) -> B {
        let surface = self.surfaces.get(surface_id);
        let adapter = self.hub.adapters.get(adapter_id);
        get_supported_callback(&adapter, &surface)
    }

    pub fn device_features(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> wgt::Features {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        device.features
    }

    pub fn device_limits(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> wgt::Limits {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        device.limits.clone()
    }

    pub fn device_adapter_info(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> wgt::AdapterInfo {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        device.adapter.get_info()
    }

    pub fn device_downlevel_properties(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> wgt::DownlevelCapabilities {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        device.downlevel.clone()
    }

    pub fn device_create_buffer(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::BufferDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::BufferId>,
    ) -> (id::BufferId, Option<CreateBufferError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_buffer");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.buffers.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let buffer = match device.create_buffer(desc) {
                Ok(buffer) => buffer,
                Err(e) => {
                    break 'error e;
                }
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                let mut desc = desc.clone();
                let mapped_at_creation = core::mem::replace(&mut desc.mapped_at_creation, false);
                if mapped_at_creation && !desc.usage.contains(wgt::BufferUsages::MAP_WRITE) {
                    desc.usage |= wgt::BufferUsages::COPY_DST;
                }
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateBuffer(buffer.to_trace(), desc));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(buffer));

            api_log!(
                "Device::create_buffer({:?}{}) -> {id:?}",
                desc.label.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
                if desc.mapped_at_creation {
                    ", mapped_at_creation"
                } else {
                    ""
                }
            );

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    /// Assign `id_in` an error with the given `label`.
    ///
    /// Ensure that future attempts to use `id_in` as a buffer ID will propagate
    /// the error, following the WebGPU ["contagious invalidity"] style.
    ///
    /// Firefox uses this function to comply strictly with the WebGPU spec,
    /// which requires [`GPUBufferDescriptor`] validation to be generated on the
    /// Device timeline and leave the newly created [`GPUBuffer`] invalid.
    ///
    /// Ideally, we would simply let [`device_create_buffer`] take care of all
    /// of this, but some errors must be detected before we can even construct a
    /// [`wgpu_types::BufferDescriptor`] to give it. For example, the WebGPU API
    /// allows a `GPUBufferDescriptor`'s [`usage`] property to be any WebIDL
    /// `unsigned long` value, but we can't construct a
    /// [`wgpu_types::BufferUsages`] value from values with unassigned bits
    /// set. This means we must validate `usage` before we can call
    /// `device_create_buffer`.
    ///
    /// When that validation fails, we must arrange for the buffer id to be
    /// considered invalid. This method provides the means to do so.
    ///
    /// ["contagious invalidity"]: https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/#invalidity
    /// [`GPUBufferDescriptor`]: https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/#dictdef-gpubufferdescriptor
    /// [`GPUBuffer`]: https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/#gpubuffer
    /// [`wgpu_types::BufferDescriptor`]: wgt::BufferDescriptor
    /// [`device_create_buffer`]: Global::device_create_buffer
    /// [`usage`]: https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/#dom-gputexturedescriptor-usage
    /// [`wgpu_types::BufferUsages`]: wgt::BufferUsages
    pub fn create_buffer_error(
        &self,
        id_in: Option<id::BufferId>,
        desc: &resource::BufferDescriptor,
    ) {
        let fid = self.hub.buffers.prepare(id_in);
        fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
    }

    /// Assign `id_in` an error with the given `label`.
    ///
    /// See [`Self::create_buffer_error`] for more context and explanation.
    pub fn create_render_bundle_error(
        &self,
        id_in: Option<id::RenderBundleId>,
        desc: &command::RenderBundleDescriptor,
    ) {
        let fid = self.hub.render_bundles.prepare(id_in);
        fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
    }

    /// Assign `id_in` an error with the given `label`.
    ///
    /// See [`Self::create_buffer_error`] for more context and explanation.
    pub fn create_texture_error(
        &self,
        id_in: Option<id::TextureId>,
        desc: &resource::TextureDescriptor,
    ) {
        let fid = self.hub.textures.prepare(id_in);
        fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
    }

    /// Assign `id_in` an error with the given `label`.
    ///
    /// See [`Self::create_buffer_error`] for more context and explanation.
    pub fn create_external_texture_error(
        &self,
        id_in: Option<id::ExternalTextureId>,
        desc: &resource::ExternalTextureDescriptor,
    ) {
        let fid = self.hub.external_textures.prepare(id_in);
        fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
    }

    /// Assign `id_in` an error with the given `label`.
    ///
    /// In JavaScript environments, it is possible to call `GPUDevice.createBindGroupLayout` with
    /// entries that are invalid. Because our Rust's types for bind group layouts prevent even
    /// calling [`Self::device_create_bind_group`], we let standards-compliant environments
    /// register an invalid bind group layout so this crate's API can still be consistently used.
    ///
    /// See [`Self::create_buffer_error`] for additional context and explanation.
    pub fn create_bind_group_layout_error(
        &self,
        id_in: Option<id::BindGroupLayoutId>,
        label: Option<Cow<'_, str>>,
    ) {
        let fid = self.hub.bind_group_layouts.prepare(id_in);
        fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(label.to_string())));
    }

    pub fn buffer_destroy(&self, buffer_id: id::BufferId) {
        profiling::scope!("Buffer::destroy");
        api_log!("Buffer::destroy {buffer_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let Ok(buffer) = hub.buffers.get(buffer_id).get() else {
            // If the buffer is already invalid, there's nothing to do.
            return;
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Some(trace) = buffer.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
            trace.add(trace::Action::FreeBuffer(buffer.to_trace()));
        }

        let _ = buffer.unmap();

        buffer.destroy();
    }

    pub fn buffer_drop(&self, buffer_id: id::BufferId) {
        profiling::scope!("Buffer::drop");
        api_log!("Buffer::drop {buffer_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let buffer = match hub.buffers.remove(buffer_id).get() {
            Ok(buffer) => buffer,
            Err(_) => {
                return;
            }
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Some(t) = buffer.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
            t.add(trace::Action::DestroyBuffer(buffer.to_trace()));
        }

        let _ = buffer.unmap();
    }

    pub fn device_create_texture(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::TextureDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::TextureId>,
    ) -> (id::TextureId, Option<resource::CreateTextureError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_texture");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.textures.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let texture = match device.create_texture(desc) {
                Ok(texture) => texture,
                Err(error) => break 'error error,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateTexture(
                    texture.to_trace(),
                    desc.clone(),
                ));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(texture));
            api_log!("Device::create_texture({desc:?}) -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - `hal_texture` must be created from `device_id` corresponding raw handle.
    /// - `hal_texture` must be created respecting `desc`
    /// - `hal_texture` must be initialized
    /// - The `initial_state` must match the actual driver-side state of
    ///   the wrapped resource at the moment of wrap.
    pub unsafe fn create_texture_from_hal(
        &self,
        hal_texture: Box<dyn hal::DynTexture>,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::TextureDescriptor,
        initial_state: wgt::TextureUses,
        id_in: Option<id::TextureId>,
    ) -> (id::TextureId, Option<resource::CreateTextureError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_texture_from_hal");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.textures.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let texture = match device.create_texture_from_hal(hal_texture, desc, initial_state) {
                Ok(texture) => texture,
                Err(error) => break 'error error,
            };

            // NB: Any change done through the raw texture handle will not be
            // recorded in the replay
            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateTexture(
                    texture.to_trace(),
                    desc.clone(),
                ));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(texture));
            api_log!("Device::create_texture({desc:?}) -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - `hal_buffer` must be created from `device_id` corresponding raw handle.
    /// - `hal_buffer` must be created respecting `desc`
    /// - `hal_buffer` must be initialized
    /// - `hal_buffer` must not have zero size.
    pub unsafe fn create_buffer_from_hal<A: hal::Api>(
        &self,
        hal_buffer: A::Buffer,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::BufferDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::BufferId>,
    ) -> (id::BufferId, Option<CreateBufferError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_buffer");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.buffers.prepare(id_in);

        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

        let (buffer, err) = unsafe { device.create_buffer_from_hal(Box::new(hal_buffer), desc) };

        // NB: Any change done through the raw buffer handle will not be
        // recorded in the replay
        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Some(trace) = device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
            match &buffer {
                Fallible::Valid(arc) => {
                    trace.add(trace::Action::CreateBuffer(arc.to_trace(), desc.clone()))
                }
                Fallible::Invalid(_) => {}
            }
        }

        let id = fid.assign(buffer);
        api_log!("Device::create_buffer -> {id:?}");

        (id, err)
    }

    pub fn texture_destroy(&self, texture_id: id::TextureId) {
        profiling::scope!("Texture::destroy");
        api_log!("Texture::destroy {texture_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let Ok(texture) = hub.textures.get(texture_id).get() else {
            // If the texture is already invalid, there's nothing to do.
            return;
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Some(trace) = texture.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
            trace.add(trace::Action::FreeTexture(texture.to_trace()));
        }

        texture.destroy();
    }

    pub fn texture_drop(&self, texture_id: id::TextureId) {
        profiling::scope!("Texture::drop");
        api_log!("Texture::drop {texture_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _texture = hub.textures.remove(texture_id);
        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(texture) = _texture.get() {
            if let Some(t) = texture.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyTexture(texture.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn texture_create_view(
        &self,
        texture_id: id::TextureId,
        desc: &resource::TextureViewDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::TextureViewId>,
    ) -> (id::TextureViewId, Option<resource::CreateTextureViewError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Texture::create_view");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.texture_views.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let texture = match hub.textures.get(texture_id).get() {
                Ok(texture) => texture,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };
            let device = &texture.device;

            let view = match device.create_texture_view(&texture, desc) {
                Ok(view) => view,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateTextureView {
                    id: view.to_trace(),
                    parent: texture.to_trace(),
                    desc: desc.clone(),
                });
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(view));

            api_log!("Texture::create_view({texture_id:?}) -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn texture_view_drop(&self, texture_view_id: id::TextureViewId) {
        profiling::scope!("TextureView::drop");
        api_log!("TextureView::drop {texture_view_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _view = hub.texture_views.remove(texture_view_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(view) = _view.get() {
            if let Some(t) = view.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyTextureView(view.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_external_texture(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::ExternalTextureDescriptor,
        planes: &[id::TextureViewId],
        id_in: Option<id::ExternalTextureId>,
    ) -> (
        id::ExternalTextureId,
        Option<resource::CreateExternalTextureError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_external_texture");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.external_textures.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let planes = planes
                .iter()
                .map(|plane_id| self.hub.texture_views.get(*plane_id).get())
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>();
            let planes = match planes {
                Ok(planes) => planes,
                Err(error) => break 'error error.into(),
            };

            let external_texture = match device.create_external_texture(desc, &planes) {
                Ok(external_texture) => external_texture,
                Err(error) => break 'error error,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                let planes = Box::from(
                    planes
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|plane| plane.to_trace())
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                );
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateExternalTexture {
                    id: external_texture.to_trace(),
                    desc: desc.clone(),
                    planes,
                });
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(external_texture));
            api_log!("Device::create_external_texture({desc:?}) -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn external_texture_destroy(&self, external_texture_id: id::ExternalTextureId) {
        profiling::scope!("ExternalTexture::destroy");
        api_log!("ExternalTexture::destroy {external_texture_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let Ok(external_texture) = hub.external_textures.get(external_texture_id).get() else {
            // If the external texture is already invalid, there's nothing to do.
            return;
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Some(trace) = external_texture.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
            trace.add(trace::Action::FreeExternalTexture(
                external_texture.to_trace(),
            ));
        }

        external_texture.destroy();
    }

    pub fn external_texture_drop(&self, external_texture_id: id::ExternalTextureId) {
        profiling::scope!("ExternalTexture::drop");
        api_log!("ExternalTexture::drop {external_texture_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _external_texture = hub.external_textures.remove(external_texture_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(external_texture) = _external_texture.get() {
            if let Some(t) = external_texture.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyExternalTexture(
                    external_texture.to_trace(),
                ));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_sampler(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::SamplerDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::SamplerId>,
    ) -> (id::SamplerId, Option<resource::CreateSamplerError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_sampler");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.samplers.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let sampler = match device.create_sampler(desc) {
                Ok(sampler) => sampler,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateSampler(
                    sampler.to_trace(),
                    desc.clone(),
                ));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(sampler));
            api_log!("Device::create_sampler -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn sampler_drop(&self, sampler_id: id::SamplerId) {
        profiling::scope!("Sampler::drop");
        api_log!("Sampler::drop {sampler_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _sampler = hub.samplers.remove(sampler_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(sampler) = _sampler.get() {
            if let Some(t) = sampler.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroySampler(sampler.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_bind_group_layout(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &binding_model::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::BindGroupLayoutId>,
    ) -> (
        id::BindGroupLayoutId,
        Option<binding_model::CreateBindGroupLayoutError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_bind_group_layout");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.bind_group_layouts.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let layout = match device.create_bind_group_layout(desc) {
                Ok(layout) => layout,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateBindGroupLayout(
                    layout.to_trace(),
                    desc.clone(),
                ));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(layout.clone()));

            api_log!("Device::create_bind_group_layout -> {id:?}");
            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn bind_group_layout_drop(&self, bind_group_layout_id: id::BindGroupLayoutId) {
        profiling::scope!("BindGroupLayout::drop");
        api_log!("BindGroupLayout::drop {bind_group_layout_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _layout = hub.bind_group_layouts.remove(bind_group_layout_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(layout) = _layout.get() {
            if let Some(t) = layout.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyBindGroupLayout(layout.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_pipeline_layout(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &binding_model::PipelineLayoutDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::PipelineLayoutId>,
    ) -> (
        id::PipelineLayoutId,
        Option<binding_model::CreatePipelineLayoutError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_pipeline_layout");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.pipeline_layouts.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            if let Err(e) = device.check_is_valid() {
                break 'error e.into();
            }

            let bind_group_layouts = {
                let bind_group_layouts_guard = hub.bind_group_layouts.read();
                desc.bind_group_layouts
                    .iter()
                    .map(|bgl_id| match bgl_id {
                        Some(bgl_id) => bind_group_layouts_guard.get(*bgl_id).get().map(Some),
                        None => Ok(None),
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            };

            let bind_group_layouts = match bind_group_layouts {
                Ok(bind_group_layouts) => bind_group_layouts,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };

            let desc = binding_model::ResolvedPipelineLayoutDescriptor {
                label: desc.label.clone(),
                bind_group_layouts: Cow::Owned(bind_group_layouts),
                immediate_size: desc.immediate_size,
            };

            let layout = match device.create_pipeline_layout(&desc) {
                Ok(layout) => layout,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreatePipelineLayout(
                    layout.to_trace(),
                    desc.to_trace(),
                ));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(layout));
            api_log!("Device::create_pipeline_layout -> {id:?}");
            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn pipeline_layout_drop(&self, pipeline_layout_id: id::PipelineLayoutId) {
        profiling::scope!("PipelineLayout::drop");
        api_log!("PipelineLayout::drop {pipeline_layout_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _layout = hub.pipeline_layouts.remove(pipeline_layout_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(layout) = _layout.get() {
            if let Some(t) = layout.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyPipelineLayout(layout.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_bind_group(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &binding_model::BindGroupDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::BindGroupId>,
    ) -> (id::BindGroupId, Option<binding_model::CreateBindGroupError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_bind_group");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.bind_groups.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            if let Err(e) = device.check_is_valid() {
                break 'error e.into();
            }

            let layout = match hub.bind_group_layouts.get(desc.layout).get() {
                Ok(layout) => layout,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };

            fn resolve_entry<'a>(
                e: &BindGroupEntry<'a>,
                buffer_storage: &Storage<Fallible<resource::Buffer>>,
                sampler_storage: &Storage<Fallible<resource::Sampler>>,
                texture_view_storage: &Storage<Fallible<resource::TextureView>>,
                tlas_storage: &Storage<Fallible<resource::Tlas>>,
                external_texture_storage: &Storage<Fallible<resource::ExternalTexture>>,
            ) -> Result<ResolvedBindGroupEntry<'a>, binding_model::CreateBindGroupError>
            {
                let resolve_buffer = |bb: &BufferBinding| {
                    buffer_storage
                        .get(bb.buffer)
                        .get()
                        .map(|buffer| ResolvedBufferBinding {
                            buffer,
                            offset: bb.offset,
                            size: bb.size,
                        })
                        .map_err(binding_model::CreateBindGroupError::from)
                };
                let resolve_sampler = |id: &id::SamplerId| {
                    sampler_storage
                        .get(*id)
                        .get()
                        .map_err(binding_model::CreateBindGroupError::from)
                };
                let resolve_view = |id: &id::TextureViewId| {
                    texture_view_storage
                        .get(*id)
                        .get()
                        .map_err(binding_model::CreateBindGroupError::from)
                };
                let resolve_tlas = |id: &id::TlasId| {
                    tlas_storage
                        .get(*id)
                        .get()
                        .map_err(binding_model::CreateBindGroupError::from)
                };
                let resolve_external_texture = |id: &id::ExternalTextureId| {
                    external_texture_storage
                        .get(*id)
                        .get()
                        .map_err(binding_model::CreateBindGroupError::from)
                };
                let resource = match e.resource {
                    BindingResource::Buffer(ref buffer) => {
                        ResolvedBindingResource::Buffer(resolve_buffer(buffer)?)
                    }
                    BindingResource::BufferArray(ref buffers) => {
                        let buffers = buffers
                            .iter()
                            .map(resolve_buffer)
                            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                        ResolvedBindingResource::BufferArray(Cow::Owned(buffers))
                    }
                    BindingResource::Sampler(ref sampler) => {
                        ResolvedBindingResource::Sampler(resolve_sampler(sampler)?)
                    }
                    BindingResource::SamplerArray(ref samplers) => {
                        let samplers = samplers
                            .iter()
                            .map(resolve_sampler)
                            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                        ResolvedBindingResource::SamplerArray(Cow::Owned(samplers))
                    }
                    BindingResource::TextureView(ref view) => {
                        ResolvedBindingResource::TextureView(resolve_view(view)?)
                    }
                    BindingResource::TextureViewArray(ref views) => {
                        let views = views
                            .iter()
                            .map(resolve_view)
                            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                        ResolvedBindingResource::TextureViewArray(Cow::Owned(views))
                    }
                    BindingResource::AccelerationStructure(ref tlas) => {
                        ResolvedBindingResource::AccelerationStructure(resolve_tlas(tlas)?)
                    }
                    BindingResource::AccelerationStructureArray(ref tlas_array) => {
                        let tlas_array = tlas_array
                            .iter()
                            .map(resolve_tlas)
                            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                        ResolvedBindingResource::AccelerationStructureArray(Cow::Owned(tlas_array))
                    }
                    BindingResource::ExternalTexture(ref et) => {
                        ResolvedBindingResource::ExternalTexture(resolve_external_texture(et)?)
                    }
                };
                Ok(ResolvedBindGroupEntry {
                    binding: e.binding,
                    resource,
                })
            }

            let entries = {
                let buffer_guard = hub.buffers.read();
                let texture_view_guard = hub.texture_views.read();
                let sampler_guard = hub.samplers.read();
                let tlas_guard = hub.tlas_s.read();
                let external_texture_guard = hub.external_textures.read();
                desc.entries
                    .iter()
                    .map(|e| {
                        resolve_entry(
                            e,
                            &buffer_guard,
                            &sampler_guard,
                            &texture_view_guard,
                            &tlas_guard,
                            &external_texture_guard,
                        )
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            };
            let entries = match entries {
                Ok(entries) => Cow::Owned(entries),
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            let desc = ResolvedBindGroupDescriptor {
                label: desc.label.clone(),
                layout,
                entries,
            };
            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            let trace_desc = (&desc).to_trace();

            let bind_group = match device.create_bind_group(desc) {
                Ok(bind_group) => bind_group,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateBindGroup(
                    bind_group.to_trace(),
                    trace_desc,
                ));
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(bind_group));

            api_log!("Device::create_bind_group -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn bind_group_drop(&self, bind_group_id: id::BindGroupId) {
        profiling::scope!("BindGroup::drop");
        api_log!("BindGroup::drop {bind_group_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _bind_group = hub.bind_groups.remove(bind_group_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(bind_group) = _bind_group.get() {
            if let Some(t) = bind_group.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyBindGroup(bind_group.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    /// Create a shader module with the given `source`.
    ///
    /// <div class="warning">
    // NOTE: Keep this in sync with `naga::front::wgsl::parse_str`!
    // NOTE: Keep this in sync with `wgpu::Device::create_shader_module`!
    ///
    /// This function may consume a lot of stack space. Compiler-enforced limits for parsing
    /// recursion exist; if shader compilation runs into them, it will return an error gracefully.
    /// However, on some build profiles and platforms, the default stack size for a thread may be
    /// exceeded before this limit is reached during parsing. Callers should ensure that there is
    /// enough stack space for this, particularly if calls to this method are exposed to user
    /// input.
    ///
    /// </div>
    pub fn device_create_shader_module(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &pipeline::ShaderModuleDescriptor,
        source: pipeline::ShaderModuleSource,
        id_in: Option<id::ShaderModuleId>,
    ) -> (
        id::ShaderModuleId,
        Option<pipeline::CreateShaderModuleError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_shader_module");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.shader_modules.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            let data = device.trace.lock().as_mut().map(|trace| {
                use crate::device::trace::DataKind;

                match source {
                    #[cfg(feature = "wgsl")]
                    pipeline::ShaderModuleSource::Wgsl(ref code) => {
                        trace.make_binary(DataKind::Wgsl, code.as_bytes())
                    }
                    #[cfg(feature = "glsl")]
                    pipeline::ShaderModuleSource::Glsl(ref code, _) => {
                        trace.make_binary(DataKind::Glsl, code.as_bytes())
                    }
                    #[cfg(feature = "spirv")]
                    pipeline::ShaderModuleSource::SpirV(ref code, _) => {
                        trace.make_binary(DataKind::Spv, bytemuck::cast_slice::<u32, u8>(code))
                    }
                    pipeline::ShaderModuleSource::Naga(ref module) => {
                        let string =
                            ron::ser::to_string_pretty(module, ron::ser::PrettyConfig::default())
                                .unwrap();
                        trace.make_binary(DataKind::Ron, string.as_bytes())
                    }
                    pipeline::ShaderModuleSource::Dummy(_) => {
                        panic!("found `ShaderModuleSource::Dummy`")
                    }
                }
            });

            let shader = match device.create_shader_module(desc, source) {
                Ok(shader) => shader,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(data) = data {
                // We don't need these two operations with the trace to be atomic.
                device
                    .trace
                    .lock()
                    .as_mut()
                    .expect("trace went away during create_shader_module?")
                    .add(trace::Action::CreateShaderModule {
                        id: shader.to_trace(),
                        desc: desc.clone(),
                        data,
                    });
            };

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(shader));
            api_log!("Device::create_shader_module -> {id:?}");
            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This function passes source code or binary to the backend as-is and can potentially result in a
    /// driver crash.
    pub unsafe fn device_create_shader_module_passthrough(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &pipeline::ShaderModuleDescriptorPassthrough<'_>,
        id_in: Option<id::ShaderModuleId>,
    ) -> (
        id::ShaderModuleId,
        Option<pipeline::CreateShaderModuleError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_shader_module_passthrough");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.shader_modules.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let result = unsafe { device.create_shader_module_passthrough(desc) };

            let shader = match result {
                Ok(shader) => shader,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                use crate::device::trace::DataKind;

                let mut file_names = Vec::new();
                for (data, kind) in [
                    (
                        desc.spirv.as_ref().map(|a| bytemuck::cast_slice(a)),
                        DataKind::Spv,
                    ),
                    (desc.dxil.as_deref(), DataKind::Dxil),
                    (desc.hlsl.as_ref().map(|a| a.as_bytes()), DataKind::Hlsl),
                    (desc.metallib.as_deref(), DataKind::MetalLib),
                    (desc.msl.as_ref().map(|a| a.as_bytes()), DataKind::Msl),
                    (desc.glsl.as_ref().map(|a| a.as_bytes()), DataKind::Glsl),
                    (desc.wgsl.as_ref().map(|a| a.as_bytes()), DataKind::Wgsl),
                ] {
                    if let Some(data) = data {
                        file_names.push(trace.make_binary(kind, data));
                    }
                }
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateShaderModulePassthrough {
                    id: shader.to_trace(),
                    data: file_names,
                    label: desc.label.clone(),
                    entry_points: desc.entry_points.clone(),
                });
            };

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(shader));
            api_log!("Device::create_shader_module_spirv -> {id:?}");
            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn shader_module_drop(&self, shader_module_id: id::ShaderModuleId) {
        profiling::scope!("ShaderModule::drop");
        api_log!("ShaderModule::drop {shader_module_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _shader_module = hub.shader_modules.remove(shader_module_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(shader_module) = _shader_module.get() {
            if let Some(t) = shader_module.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyShaderModule(shader_module.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_command_encoder(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &wgt::CommandEncoderDescriptor<Label>,
        id_in: Option<id::CommandEncoderId>,
    ) -> (id::CommandEncoderId, Option<DeviceError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_command_encoder");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.command_encoders.prepare(id_in);

        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

        let error = 'error: {
            let cmd_enc = match device.create_command_encoder(&desc.label) {
                Ok(cmd_enc) => cmd_enc,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            let id = fid.assign(cmd_enc);
            api_log!("Device::create_command_encoder -> {id:?}");
            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Arc::new(CommandEncoder::new_invalid(
            &device,
            &desc.label,
            error.clone().into(),
        )));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn command_encoder_drop(&self, command_encoder_id: id::CommandEncoderId) {
        profiling::scope!("CommandEncoder::drop");
        api_log!("CommandEncoder::drop {command_encoder_id:?}");
        let _cmd_enc = self.hub.command_encoders.remove(command_encoder_id);
    }

    pub fn command_buffer_drop(&self, command_buffer_id: id::CommandBufferId) {
        profiling::scope!("CommandBuffer::drop");
        api_log!("CommandBuffer::drop {command_buffer_id:?}");
        let _cmd_buf = self.hub.command_buffers.remove(command_buffer_id);
    }

    pub fn device_create_render_bundle_encoder(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &command::RenderBundleEncoderDescriptor,
    ) -> (
        Box<command::RenderBundleEncoder>,
        Option<command::CreateRenderBundleError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_render_bundle_encoder");
        api_log!("Device::device_create_render_bundle_encoder");
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        let (encoder, error) =
            match command::RenderBundleEncoder::new(desc, Some(&device), device_id) {
                Ok(encoder) => (encoder, None),
                Err(e) => (command::RenderBundleEncoder::dummy(device_id), Some(e)),
            };
        (Box::new(encoder), error)
    }

    pub fn render_bundle_encoder_finish(
        &self,
        bundle_encoder: Box<command::RenderBundleEncoder>,
        desc: &command::RenderBundleDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::RenderBundleId>,
    ) -> (id::RenderBundleId, Option<command::RenderBundleError>) {
        profiling::scope!("RenderBundleEncoder::finish");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.render_bundles.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(bundle_encoder.parent());

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            let trace_desc = trace::new_render_bundle_encoder_descriptor(
                desc.label.clone(),
                &bundle_encoder.context,
                bundle_encoder.is_depth_read_only,
                bundle_encoder.is_stencil_read_only,
            );

            let render_bundle = match bundle_encoder.finish(desc, &device, hub) {
                Ok(bundle) => bundle,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateRenderBundle {
                    id: render_bundle.to_trace(),
                    desc: trace_desc,
                    base: render_bundle.to_base_pass().to_trace(),
                });
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(render_bundle));
            api_log!("RenderBundleEncoder::finish -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn render_bundle_drop(&self, render_bundle_id: id::RenderBundleId) {
        profiling::scope!("RenderBundle::drop");
        api_log!("RenderBundle::drop {render_bundle_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _bundle = hub.render_bundles.remove(render_bundle_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(bundle) = _bundle.get() {
            if let Some(t) = bundle.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyRenderBundle(bundle.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_query_set(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &resource::QuerySetDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::QuerySetId>,
    ) -> (id::QuerySetId, Option<resource::CreateQuerySetError>) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_query_set");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let fid = hub.query_sets.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let query_set = match device.create_query_set(desc) {
                Ok(query_set) => query_set,
                Err(err) => break 'error err,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateQuerySet {
                    id: query_set.to_trace(),
                    desc: desc.clone(),
                });
            }

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(query_set));
            api_log!("Device::create_query_set -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn query_set_drop(&self, query_set_id: id::QuerySetId) {
        profiling::scope!("QuerySet::drop");
        api_log!("QuerySet::drop {query_set_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _query_set = hub.query_sets.remove(query_set_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(query_set) = _query_set.get() {
            if let Some(trace) = query_set.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::DestroyQuerySet(query_set.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_render_pipeline(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &pipeline::RenderPipelineDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::RenderPipelineId>,
    ) -> (
        id::RenderPipelineId,
        Option<pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_render_pipeline");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.render_pipelines.prepare(id_in);

        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

        self.device_create_general_render_pipeline(desc.clone().into(), device, fid)
    }

    pub fn device_create_mesh_pipeline(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &pipeline::MeshPipelineDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::RenderPipelineId>,
    ) -> (
        id::RenderPipelineId,
        Option<pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError>,
    ) {
        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.render_pipelines.prepare(id_in);

        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        self.device_create_general_render_pipeline(desc.clone().into(), device, fid)
    }

    fn device_create_general_render_pipeline(
        &self,
        desc: pipeline::GeneralRenderPipelineDescriptor,
        device: Arc<crate::device::resource::Device>,
        fid: crate::registry::FutureId<Fallible<pipeline::RenderPipeline>>,
    ) -> (
        id::RenderPipelineId,
        Option<pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_general_render_pipeline");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let error = 'error: {
            if let Err(e) = device.check_is_valid() {
                break 'error e.into();
            }

            let layout = desc
                .layout
                .map(|layout| hub.pipeline_layouts.get(layout).get())
                .transpose();
            let layout = match layout {
                Ok(layout) => layout,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };

            let cache = desc
                .cache
                .map(|cache| hub.pipeline_caches.get(cache).get())
                .transpose();
            let cache = match cache {
                Ok(cache) => cache,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };
            let mut passthrough_stages = wgt::ShaderStages::empty();

            let vertex = match desc.vertex {
                RenderPipelineVertexProcessor::Vertex(ref vertex) => {
                    let module = hub
                        .shader_modules
                        .get(vertex.stage.module)
                        .get()
                        .map_err(|e| pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError::Stage {
                            stage: wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
                            error: e.into(),
                        });
                    let module = match module {
                        Ok(module) => module,
                        Err(e) => break 'error e,
                    };
                    if module.interface.interface().is_none() {
                        passthrough_stages |= wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX;
                    }
                    let stage = ResolvedProgrammableStageDescriptor {
                        module,
                        entry_point: vertex.stage.entry_point.clone(),
                        constants: vertex.stage.constants.clone(),
                        zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: vertex
                            .stage
                            .zero_initialize_workgroup_memory,
                    };
                    RenderPipelineVertexProcessor::Vertex(ResolvedVertexState {
                        stage,
                        buffers: vertex.buffers.clone(),
                    })
                }
                RenderPipelineVertexProcessor::Mesh(ref task, ref mesh) => {
                    let task_module = if let Some(task) = task {
                        let module = hub
                            .shader_modules
                            .get(task.stage.module)
                            .get()
                            .map_err(|e| pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError::Stage {
                                stage: wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
                                error: e.into(),
                            });
                        let module = match module {
                            Ok(module) => module,
                            Err(e) => break 'error e,
                        };
                        if module.interface.interface().is_none() {
                            passthrough_stages |= wgt::ShaderStages::TASK;
                        }
                        let state = ResolvedProgrammableStageDescriptor {
                            module,
                            entry_point: task.stage.entry_point.clone(),
                            constants: task.stage.constants.clone(),
                            zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: task
                                .stage
                                .zero_initialize_workgroup_memory,
                        };
                        Some(ResolvedTaskState { stage: state })
                    } else {
                        None
                    };
                    let mesh_module =
                        hub.shader_modules
                            .get(mesh.stage.module)
                            .get()
                            .map_err(|e| pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError::Stage {
                                stage: wgt::ShaderStages::MESH,
                                error: e.into(),
                            });
                    let mesh_module = match mesh_module {
                        Ok(module) => module,
                        Err(e) => break 'error e,
                    };
                    if mesh_module.interface.interface().is_none() {
                        passthrough_stages |= wgt::ShaderStages::VERTEX;
                    }
                    let mesh_stage = ResolvedProgrammableStageDescriptor {
                        module: mesh_module,
                        entry_point: mesh.stage.entry_point.clone(),
                        constants: mesh.stage.constants.clone(),
                        zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: mesh
                            .stage
                            .zero_initialize_workgroup_memory,
                    };
                    RenderPipelineVertexProcessor::Mesh(
                        task_module,
                        ResolvedMeshState { stage: mesh_stage },
                    )
                }
            };

            let fragment = if let Some(ref state) = desc.fragment {
                let module = hub
                    .shader_modules
                    .get(state.stage.module)
                    .get()
                    .map_err(|e| pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError::Stage {
                        stage: wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
                        error: e.into(),
                    });
                let module = match module {
                    Ok(module) => module,
                    Err(e) => break 'error e,
                };
                if module.interface.interface().is_none() {
                    passthrough_stages |= wgt::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT;
                }
                let stage = ResolvedProgrammableStageDescriptor {
                    module,
                    entry_point: state.stage.entry_point.clone(),
                    constants: state.stage.constants.clone(),
                    zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: state.stage.zero_initialize_workgroup_memory,
                };
                Some(ResolvedFragmentState {
                    stage,
                    targets: state.targets.clone(),
                })
            } else {
                None
            };

            if !passthrough_stages.is_empty() && layout.is_none() {
                break 'error pipeline::CreateRenderPipelineError::Implicit(
                    pipeline::ImplicitLayoutError::Passthrough(passthrough_stages),
                );
            }

            let desc = ResolvedGeneralRenderPipelineDescriptor {
                label: desc.label.clone(),
                layout,
                vertex,
                primitive: desc.primitive,
                depth_stencil: desc.depth_stencil.clone(),
                multisample: desc.multisample,
                fragment,
                multiview_mask: desc.multiview_mask,
                cache,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            let trace_desc = desc.clone().into_trace();

            let res = device.create_render_pipeline(desc);

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateGeneralRenderPipeline {
                    id: res.as_ref().ok().map(IntoTrace::to_trace),
                    desc: trace_desc,
                });
            }

            let pipeline = match res {
                Ok(pair) => pair,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(pipeline));
            api_log!("Device::create_render_pipeline -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));

        (id, Some(error))
    }

    /// Get an ID of one of the bind group layouts. The ID adds a refcount,
    /// which needs to be released by calling `bind_group_layout_drop`.
    pub fn render_pipeline_get_bind_group_layout(
        &self,
        pipeline_id: id::RenderPipelineId,
        index: u32,
        id_in: Option<id::BindGroupLayoutId>,
    ) -> (
        id::BindGroupLayoutId,
        Option<binding_model::GetBindGroupLayoutError>,
    ) {
        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.bind_group_layouts.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let pipeline = match hub.render_pipelines.get(pipeline_id).get() {
                Ok(pipeline) => pipeline,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };
            match pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(index) {
                Ok(bgl) => {
                    #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
                    if let Some(ref mut trace) = *pipeline.device.trace.lock() {
                        trace.add(trace::Action::GetRenderPipelineBindGroupLayout {
                            id: bgl.to_trace(),
                            pipeline: pipeline.to_trace(),
                            index,
                        });
                    }

                    let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(bgl.clone()));
                    return (id, None);
                }
                Err(err) => break 'error err,
            };
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(String::new())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn render_pipeline_drop(&self, render_pipeline_id: id::RenderPipelineId) {
        profiling::scope!("RenderPipeline::drop");
        api_log!("RenderPipeline::drop {render_pipeline_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _pipeline = hub.render_pipelines.remove(render_pipeline_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(pipeline) = _pipeline.get() {
            if let Some(t) = pipeline.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyRenderPipeline(pipeline.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device_create_compute_pipeline(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &pipeline::ComputePipelineDescriptor,
        id_in: Option<id::ComputePipelineId>,
    ) -> (
        id::ComputePipelineId,
        Option<pipeline::CreateComputePipelineError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_compute_pipeline");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.compute_pipelines.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            if let Err(e) = device.check_is_valid() {
                break 'error e.into();
            }

            let layout = desc
                .layout
                .map(|layout| hub.pipeline_layouts.get(layout).get())
                .transpose();
            let layout = match layout {
                Ok(layout) => layout,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };

            let cache = desc
                .cache
                .map(|cache| hub.pipeline_caches.get(cache).get())
                .transpose();
            let cache = match cache {
                Ok(cache) => cache,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };

            let module = hub.shader_modules.get(desc.stage.module).get();
            let module = match module {
                Ok(module) => module,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };
            if module.interface.interface().is_none() && layout.is_none() {
                break 'error pipeline::CreateComputePipelineError::Implicit(
                    pipeline::ImplicitLayoutError::Passthrough(wgt::ShaderStages::COMPUTE),
                );
            }
            let stage = ResolvedProgrammableStageDescriptor {
                module,
                entry_point: desc.stage.entry_point.clone(),
                constants: desc.stage.constants.clone(),
                zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: desc.stage.zero_initialize_workgroup_memory,
            };

            let desc = ResolvedComputePipelineDescriptor {
                label: desc.label.clone(),
                layout,
                stage,
                cache,
            };

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            let trace_desc = desc.clone().into_trace();

            let res = device.create_compute_pipeline(desc);

            #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
            if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                trace.add(trace::Action::CreateComputePipeline {
                    id: res.as_ref().ok().map(IntoTrace::to_trace),
                    desc: trace_desc,
                });
            }

            let pipeline = match res {
                Ok(pair) => pair,
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            };

            let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(pipeline));
            api_log!("Device::create_compute_pipeline -> {id:?}");

            return (id, None);
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));

        (id, Some(error))
    }

    /// Get an ID of one of the bind group layouts. The ID adds a refcount,
    /// which needs to be released by calling `bind_group_layout_drop`.
    pub fn compute_pipeline_get_bind_group_layout(
        &self,
        pipeline_id: id::ComputePipelineId,
        index: u32,
        id_in: Option<id::BindGroupLayoutId>,
    ) -> (
        id::BindGroupLayoutId,
        Option<binding_model::GetBindGroupLayoutError>,
    ) {
        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.bind_group_layouts.prepare(id_in);

        let error = 'error: {
            let pipeline = match hub.compute_pipelines.get(pipeline_id).get() {
                Ok(pipeline) => pipeline,
                Err(e) => break 'error e.into(),
            };

            match pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(index) {
                Ok(bgl) => {
                    #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
                    if let Some(ref mut trace) = *pipeline.device.trace.lock() {
                        trace.add(trace::Action::GetComputePipelineBindGroupLayout {
                            id: bgl.to_trace(),
                            pipeline: pipeline.to_trace(),
                            index,
                        });
                    }

                    let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(bgl.clone()));
                    return (id, None);
                }
                Err(err) => break 'error err,
            };
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(String::new())));
        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn compute_pipeline_drop(&self, compute_pipeline_id: id::ComputePipelineId) {
        profiling::scope!("ComputePipeline::drop");
        api_log!("ComputePipeline::drop {compute_pipeline_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _pipeline = hub.compute_pipelines.remove(compute_pipeline_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(pipeline) = _pipeline.get() {
            if let Some(t) = pipeline.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyComputePipeline(pipeline.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    /// # Safety
    /// The `data` argument of `desc` must have been returned by
    /// [Self::pipeline_cache_get_data] for the same adapter
    pub unsafe fn device_create_pipeline_cache(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        desc: &pipeline::PipelineCacheDescriptor<'_>,
        id_in: Option<id::PipelineCacheId>,
    ) -> (
        id::PipelineCacheId,
        Option<pipeline::CreatePipelineCacheError>,
    ) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::create_pipeline_cache");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let fid = hub.pipeline_caches.prepare(id_in);
        let error: pipeline::CreatePipelineCacheError = 'error: {
            let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

            let cache = unsafe { device.create_pipeline_cache(desc) };
            match cache {
                Ok(cache) => {
                    #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
                    if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
                        trace.add(trace::Action::CreatePipelineCache {
                            id: cache.to_trace(),
                            desc: desc.clone(),
                        });
                    }

                    let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Valid(cache));
                    api_log!("Device::create_pipeline_cache -> {id:?}");
                    return (id, None);
                }
                Err(e) => break 'error e,
            }
        };

        let id = fid.assign(Fallible::Invalid(Arc::new(desc.label.to_string())));

        (id, Some(error))
    }

    pub fn pipeline_cache_drop(&self, pipeline_cache_id: id::PipelineCacheId) {
        profiling::scope!("PipelineCache::drop");
        api_log!("PipelineCache::drop {pipeline_cache_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let _cache = hub.pipeline_caches.remove(pipeline_cache_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Ok(cache) = _cache.get() {
            if let Some(t) = cache.device.trace.lock().as_mut() {
                t.add(trace::Action::DestroyPipelineCache(cache.to_trace()));
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn surface_configure(
        &self,
        surface_id: SurfaceId,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        config: &wgt::SurfaceConfiguration<Vec<TextureFormat>>,
    ) -> Option<present::ConfigureSurfaceError> {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        let surface = self.surfaces.get(surface_id);

        #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
        if let Some(ref mut trace) = *device.trace.lock() {
            trace.add(trace::Action::ConfigureSurface(
                surface.to_trace(),
                config.clone(),
            ));
        }

        device.configure_surface(&surface, config)
    }

    /// Check `device_id` for freeable resources and completed buffer mappings.
    ///
    /// Return `queue_empty` indicating whether there are more queue submissions still in flight.
    pub fn device_poll(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        poll_type: wgt::PollType<crate::SubmissionIndex>,
    ) -> Result<wgt::PollStatus, WaitIdleError> {
        api_log!("Device::poll {poll_type:?}");

        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

        let (closures, result) = device.poll_and_return_closures(poll_type);

        closures.fire();

        result
    }

    /// Poll all devices belonging to the specified backend.
    ///
    /// If `force_wait` is true, block until all buffer mappings are done.
    ///
    /// Return `all_queue_empty` indicating whether there are more queue
    /// submissions still in flight.
    fn poll_all_devices_of_api(
        &self,
        force_wait: bool,
        closure_list: &mut UserClosures,
    ) -> Result<bool, WaitIdleError> {
        profiling::scope!("poll_device");

        let hub = &self.hub;
        let mut all_queue_empty = true;
        {
            let device_guard = hub.devices.read();

            for (_id, device) in device_guard.iter() {
                let poll_type = if force_wait {
                    // TODO(#8286): Should expose timeout to poll_all.
                    wgt::PollType::wait_indefinitely()
                } else {
                    wgt::PollType::Poll
                };

                let (closures, result) = device.poll_and_return_closures(poll_type);

                let is_queue_empty = matches!(result, Ok(wgt::PollStatus::QueueEmpty));

                all_queue_empty &= is_queue_empty;

                closure_list.extend(closures);
            }
        }

        Ok(all_queue_empty)
    }

    /// Poll all devices on all backends.
    ///
    /// This is the implementation of `wgpu::Instance::poll_all`.
    ///
    /// Return `all_queue_empty` indicating whether there are more queue
    /// submissions still in flight.
    pub fn poll_all_devices(&self, force_wait: bool) -> Result<bool, WaitIdleError> {
        api_log!("poll_all_devices");
        let mut closures = UserClosures::default();
        let all_queue_empty = self.poll_all_devices_of_api(force_wait, &mut closures)?;

        closures.fire();

        Ok(all_queue_empty)
    }

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - See [wgpu::Device::start_graphics_debugger_capture][api] for details the safety.
    ///
    /// [api]: ../../wgpu/struct.Device.html#method.start_graphics_debugger_capture
    pub unsafe fn device_start_graphics_debugger_capture(&self, device_id: DeviceId) {
        unsafe {
            self.hub
                .devices
                .get(device_id)
                .start_graphics_debugger_capture();
        }
    }

    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - See [wgpu::Device::stop_graphics_debugger_capture][api] for details the safety.
    ///
    /// [api]: ../../wgpu/struct.Device.html#method.stop_graphics_debugger_capture
    pub unsafe fn device_stop_graphics_debugger_capture(&self, device_id: DeviceId) {
        unsafe {
            self.hub
                .devices
                .get(device_id)
                .stop_graphics_debugger_capture();
        }
    }

    pub fn pipeline_cache_get_data(&self, id: id::PipelineCacheId) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
        use crate::pipeline_cache;
        api_log!("PipelineCache::get_data");
        let hub = &self.hub;

        if let Ok(cache) = hub.pipeline_caches.get(id).get() {
            // TODO: Is this check needed?
            if !cache.device.is_valid() {
                return None;
            }
            let mut vec = unsafe { cache.device.raw().pipeline_cache_get_data(cache.raw()) }?;
            let validation_key = cache.device.raw().pipeline_cache_validation_key()?;

            let mut header_contents = [0; pipeline_cache::HEADER_LENGTH];
            pipeline_cache::add_cache_header(
                &mut header_contents,
                &vec,
                &cache.device.adapter.raw.info,
                validation_key,
            );

            let deleted = vec.splice(..0, header_contents).collect::<Vec<_>>();
            debug_assert!(deleted.is_empty());

            return Some(vec);
        }
        None
    }

    pub fn device_drop(&self, device_id: DeviceId) {
        profiling::scope!("Device::drop");
        api_log!("Device::drop {device_id:?}");

        self.hub.devices.remove(device_id);
    }

    /// `device_lost_closure` might never be called.
    pub fn device_set_device_lost_closure(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
        device_lost_closure: DeviceLostClosure,
    ) {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

        device
            .device_lost_closure
            .lock()
            .replace(device_lost_closure);
    }

    pub fn device_destroy(&self, device_id: DeviceId) {
        api_log!("Device::destroy {device_id:?}");

        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);

        // Follow the steps at
        // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/#dom-gpudevice-destroy.
        // It's legal to call destroy multiple times, but if the device
        // is already invalid, there's nothing more to do. There's also
        // no need to return an error.
        if !device.is_valid() {
            return;
        }

        // The last part of destroy is to lose the device. The spec says
        // delay that until all "currently-enqueued operations on any
        // queue on this device are completed." This is accomplished by
        // setting valid to false, and then relying upon maintain to
        // check for empty queues and a DeviceLostClosure. At that time,
        // the DeviceLostClosure will be called with "destroyed" as the
        // reason.
        device.valid.store(false, Ordering::Release);
    }

    pub fn device_get_internal_counters(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> wgt::InternalCounters {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        wgt::InternalCounters {
            hal: device.get_hal_counters(),
            core: wgt::CoreCounters {},
        }
    }

    pub fn device_generate_allocator_report(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
    ) -> Option<wgt::AllocatorReport> {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        device.generate_allocator_report()
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
    pub fn device_take_trace(
        &self,
        device_id: DeviceId,
    ) -> Option<Box<dyn trace::Trace + Send + Sync + 'static>> {
        let device = self.hub.devices.get(device_id);
        device.take_trace()
    }

    pub fn queue_drop(&self, queue_id: QueueId) {
        profiling::scope!("Queue::drop");
        api_log!("Queue::drop {queue_id:?}");

        self.hub.queues.remove(queue_id);
    }

    /// `op.callback` is always called, even in case of errors.
    pub fn buffer_map_async(
        &self,
        buffer_id: id::BufferId,
        offset: BufferAddress,
        size: Option<BufferAddress>,
        op: BufferMapOperation,
    ) -> Result<crate::SubmissionIndex, BufferAccessError> {
        profiling::scope!("Buffer::map_async");
        api_log!("Buffer::map_async {buffer_id:?} offset {offset:?} size {size:?} op: {op:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let buffer = match hub.buffers.get(buffer_id).get() {
            Ok(buffer) => buffer,
            Err(err) => {
                if let Some(callback) = op.callback {
                    callback(Err(err.clone().into()));
                }
                return Err(err.into());
            }
        };

        buffer.map_async(offset, size, op)
    }

    pub fn buffer_get_mapped_range(
        &self,
        buffer_id: id::BufferId,
        offset: BufferAddress,
        size: Option<BufferAddress>,
    ) -> Result<(NonNull<u8>, u64), BufferAccessError> {
        profiling::scope!("Buffer::get_mapped_range");
        api_log!("Buffer::get_mapped_range {buffer_id:?} offset {offset:?} size {size:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let buffer = hub.buffers.get(buffer_id).get()?;

        buffer.get_mapped_range(offset, size)
    }

    pub fn buffer_unmap(&self, buffer_id: id::BufferId) -> BufferAccessResult {
        profiling::scope!("unmap", "Buffer");
        api_log!("Buffer::unmap {buffer_id:?}");

        let hub = &self.hub;

        let buffer = hub.buffers.get(buffer_id).get()?;

        let snatch_guard = buffer.device.snatchable_lock.read();
        buffer.check_destroyed(&snatch_guard)?;
        drop(snatch_guard);

        buffer.device.check_is_valid()?;
        buffer.unmap()
    }
}