naga/valid/

interface.rs

use alloc::vec::Vec;

use bit_set::BitSet;

use super::{
    analyzer::{FunctionInfo, GlobalUse},
    Capabilities, Disalignment, FunctionError, ImmediateError, ModuleInfo,
};
use crate::arena::{Handle, UniqueArena};
use crate::span::{AddSpan as _, MapErrWithSpan as _, SpanProvider as _, WithSpan};

const MAX_WORKGROUP_SIZE: u32 = 0x4000;

#[derive(Clone, Debug, thiserror::Error)]
#[cfg_attr(test, derive(PartialEq))]
pub enum GlobalVariableError {
    #[error("Usage isn't compatible with address space {0:?}")]
    InvalidUsage(crate::AddressSpace),
    #[error("Type isn't compatible with address space {0:?}")]
    InvalidType(crate::AddressSpace),
    #[error("Type {0:?} isn't compatible with binding arrays")]
    InvalidBindingArray(Handle<crate::Type>),
    #[error("Type flags {seen:?} do not meet the required {required:?}")]
    MissingTypeFlags {
        required: super::TypeFlags,
        seen: super::TypeFlags,
    },
    #[error("Capability {0:?} is not supported")]
    UnsupportedCapability(Capabilities),
    #[error("Binding decoration is missing or not applicable")]
    InvalidBinding,
    #[error("Alignment requirements for address space {0:?} are not met by {1:?}")]
    Alignment(
        crate::AddressSpace,
        Handle<crate::Type>,
        #[source] Disalignment,
    ),
    #[error("Initializer must be an override-expression")]
    InitializerExprType,
    #[error("Initializer doesn't match the variable type")]
    InitializerType,
    #[error("Initializer can't be used with address space {0:?}")]
    InitializerNotAllowed(crate::AddressSpace),
    #[error("Storage address space doesn't support write-only access")]
    StorageAddressSpaceWriteOnlyNotSupported,
    #[error("Type is not valid for use as a immediate data")]
    InvalidImmediateType(#[source] ImmediateError),
    #[error("Task payload must not be zero-sized")]
    ZeroSizedTaskPayload,
    #[error("Memory decorations (`@coherent`, `@volatile`) are only valid for variables in the `storage` address space")]
    InvalidMemoryDecorationsAddressSpace,
    #[error("`@coherent` requires the MEMORY_DECORATION_COHERENT capability")]
    CoherentNotSupported,
    #[error("`@volatile` requires the MEMORY_DECORATION_VOLATILE capability")]
    VolatileNotSupported,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, thiserror::Error)]
#[cfg_attr(test, derive(PartialEq))]
pub enum VaryingError {
    #[error("The type {0:?} does not match the varying")]
    InvalidType(Handle<crate::Type>),
    #[error(
        "The type {0:?} cannot be used for user-defined entry point inputs or outputs. \
        Only numeric scalars and vectors are allowed."
    )]
    NotIOShareableType(Handle<crate::Type>),
    #[error("Interpolation {0:?} is only valid for stage {1:?}")]
    InvalidInterpolationInStage(crate::Interpolation, crate::ShaderStage),
    #[error("Cannot combine {interpolation:?} interpolation with the {sampling:?} sample type")]
    InvalidInterpolationSamplingCombination {
        interpolation: crate::Interpolation,
        sampling: crate::Sampling,
    },
    #[error("`@interpolate(flat)` must be explicitly specified for integer I/O")]
    InvalidInterpolationForInteger,
    #[error("Interpolation must be specified on vertex shader outputs and fragment shader inputs")]
    MissingInterpolation,
    #[error("Built-in {0:?} is not available at this stage")]
    InvalidBuiltInStage(crate::BuiltIn),
    #[error("Built-in type for {0:?} is invalid. Found {1:?}")]
    InvalidBuiltInType(crate::BuiltIn, crate::TypeInner),
    #[error("Entry point arguments and return values must all have bindings")]
    MissingBinding,
    #[error("Struct member {0} is missing a binding")]
    MemberMissingBinding(u32),
    #[error("Multiple bindings at location {location} are present")]
    BindingCollision { location: u32 },
    #[error("Multiple bindings use the same `blend_src` {blend_src}")]
    BindingCollisionBlendSrc { blend_src: u32 },
    #[error("Built-in {0:?} is present more than once")]
    DuplicateBuiltIn(crate::BuiltIn),
    #[error("Capability {0:?} is not supported")]
    UnsupportedCapability(Capabilities),
    #[error("The attribute {0:?} is only valid as an output for stage {1:?}")]
    InvalidInputAttributeInStage(&'static str, crate::ShaderStage),
    #[error("The attribute {0:?} is not valid for stage {1:?}")]
    InvalidAttributeInStage(&'static str, crate::ShaderStage),
    #[error("`@blend_src` can only be used at location 0, indices 0 and 1. Found `@location({location}) @blend_src({blend_src})`.")]
    InvalidBlendSrcIndex { location: u32, blend_src: u32 },
    #[error(
        "`@blend_src` structure must specify two sources. \
        Found `@blend_src({present_blend_src})` but not `@blend_src({absent_blend_src})`.",
        absent_blend_src = if *present_blend_src == 0 { 1 } else { 0 },
    )]
    IncompleteBlendSrcUsage { present_blend_src: u32 },
    #[error("Structure using `@blend_src` may not specify `@location` on any other members. Found a binding at `@location({location})`.")]
    InvalidBlendSrcWithOtherBindings { location: u32 },
    #[error("Both `@blend_src` structure members must have the same type. `blend_src(0)` has type {blend_src_0_type:?} and `blend_src(1)` has type {blend_src_1_type:?}.")]
    BlendSrcOutputTypeMismatch {
        blend_src_0_type: Handle<crate::Type>,
        blend_src_1_type: Handle<crate::Type>,
    },
    #[error("`@blend_src` can only be used on struct members, not directly on entry point I/O")]
    BlendSrcNotOnStructMember,
    #[error("Workgroup size is multi dimensional, `@builtin(subgroup_id)` and `@builtin(subgroup_invocation_id)` are not supported.")]
    InvalidMultiDimensionalSubgroupBuiltIn,
    #[error("The `@per_primitive` attribute can only be used in fragment shader inputs or mesh shader primitive outputs")]
    InvalidPerPrimitive,
    #[error("Non-builtin members of a mesh primitive output struct must be decorated with `@per_primitive`")]
    MissingPerPrimitive,
    #[error("Per vertex fragment inputs must be an array of length 3.")]
    PerVertexNotArrayOfThree,
    #[error("Per vertex can only have Center sampling or no sampling modifier")]
    InvalidPerVertexSampling,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, thiserror::Error)]
#[cfg_attr(test, derive(PartialEq))]
pub enum EntryPointError {
    #[error("Multiple conflicting entry points")]
    Conflict,
    #[error("Vertex shaders must return a `@builtin(position)` output value")]
    MissingVertexOutputPosition,
    #[error("Early depth test is not applicable")]
    UnexpectedEarlyDepthTest,
    #[error("Workgroup size is not applicable")]
    UnexpectedWorkgroupSize,
    #[error("Workgroup size is out of range")]
    OutOfRangeWorkgroupSize,
    #[error("Uses operations forbidden at this stage")]
    ForbiddenStageOperations,
    #[error("Global variable {0:?} is used incorrectly as {1:?}")]
    InvalidGlobalUsage(Handle<crate::GlobalVariable>, GlobalUse),
    #[error("More than 1 immediate data variable is used")]
    MoreThanOneImmediateUsed,
    #[error("Bindings for {0:?} conflict with other resource")]
    BindingCollision(Handle<crate::GlobalVariable>),
    #[error("Argument {0} varying error")]
    Argument(u32, #[source] VaryingError),
    #[error(transparent)]
    Result(#[from] VaryingError),
    #[error(transparent)]
    Function(#[from] FunctionError),
    #[error("Capability {0:?} is not supported")]
    UnsupportedCapability(Capabilities),

    #[error("mesh shader entry point missing mesh shader attributes")]
    ExpectedMeshShaderAttributes,
    #[error("Non mesh shader entry point cannot have mesh shader attributes")]
    UnexpectedMeshShaderAttributes,
    #[error("Non mesh/task shader entry point cannot have task payload attribute")]
    UnexpectedTaskPayload,
    #[error("Task payload must be declared with `var<task_payload>`")]
    TaskPayloadWrongAddressSpace,
    #[error("For a task payload to be used, it must be declared with @payload")]
    WrongTaskPayloadUsed,
    #[error("Task shader entry point must return @builtin(mesh_task_size) vec3<u32>")]
    WrongTaskShaderEntryResult,
    #[error("Task shaders must declare a task payload output")]
    ExpectedTaskPayload,
    #[error(
        "Mesh shader output variable must be a struct with fields that are all allowed builtins"
    )]
    BadMeshOutputVariableType,
    #[error("Mesh shader output variable fields must have types that are in accordance with the mesh shader spec")]
    BadMeshOutputVariableField,
    #[error("Mesh shader entry point cannot have a return type")]
    UnexpectedMeshShaderEntryResult,
    #[error(
        "Mesh output type must be a user-defined struct with fields in alignment with the mesh shader spec"
    )]
    InvalidMeshOutputType,
    #[error("Mesh primitive outputs must have exactly one of `@builtin(triangle_indices)`, `@builtin(line_indices)`, or `@builtin(point_index)`")]
    InvalidMeshPrimitiveOutputType,
    #[error("Mesh output global variable must live in the workgroup address space")]
    WrongMeshOutputAddressSpace,
    #[error("Task payload must be at least 4 bytes, but is {0} bytes")]
    TaskPayloadTooSmall(u32),
    #[error("Only the `ray_generation`, `closest_hit`, and `any_hit` shader stages can access a global variable in the `ray_payload` address space")]
    RayPayloadInInvalidStage(crate::ShaderStage),
    #[error("Only the `closest_hit`, `any_hit`, and `miss` shader stages can access a global variable in the `incoming_ray_payload` address space")]
    IncomingRayPayloadInInvalidStage(crate::ShaderStage),
    #[error("Compute shader entry point cannot have a return type")]
    UnexpectedComputeShaderEntryResult,
}

fn storage_usage(access: crate::StorageAccess) -> GlobalUse {
    let mut storage_usage = GlobalUse::QUERY;
    if access.contains(crate::StorageAccess::LOAD) {
        storage_usage |= GlobalUse::READ;
    }
    if access.contains(crate::StorageAccess::STORE) {
        storage_usage |= GlobalUse::WRITE;
    }
    if access.contains(crate::StorageAccess::ATOMIC) {
        storage_usage |= GlobalUse::ATOMIC;
    }
    storage_usage
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum MeshOutputType {
    None,
    VertexOutput,
    PrimitiveOutput,
}

struct VaryingContext<'a> {
    stage: crate::ShaderStage,
    output: bool,
    types: &'a UniqueArena<crate::Type>,
    type_info: &'a Vec<super::r#type::TypeInfo>,
    location_mask: &'a mut BitSet,
    dual_source_blending: Option<&'a mut bool>,
    built_ins: &'a mut crate::FastHashSet<crate::BuiltIn>,
    capabilities: Capabilities,
    flags: super::ValidationFlags,
    mesh_output_type: MeshOutputType,
    has_task_payload: bool,
}

impl VaryingContext<'_> {
    fn validate_impl(
        &mut self,
        ep: &crate::EntryPoint,
        ty: Handle<crate::Type>,
        binding: &crate::Binding,
    ) -> Result<(), VaryingError> {
        use crate::{BuiltIn as Bi, ShaderStage as St, TypeInner as Ti, VectorSize as Vs};

        let ty_inner = &self.types[ty].inner;
        match *binding {
            crate::Binding::BuiltIn(built_in) => {
                // Ignore the `invariant` field for the sake of duplicate checks,
                // but use the original in error messages.
                let canonical = match built_in {
                    crate::BuiltIn::Position { .. } => {
                        crate::BuiltIn::Position { invariant: false }
                    }
                    crate::BuiltIn::Barycentric { .. } => {
                        crate::BuiltIn::Barycentric { perspective: false }
                    }
                    x => x,
                };

                if self.built_ins.contains(&canonical) {
                    return Err(VaryingError::DuplicateBuiltIn(built_in));
                }
                self.built_ins.insert(canonical);

                let required = match built_in {
                    Bi::ClipDistances => Capabilities::CLIP_DISTANCES,
                    Bi::CullDistance => Capabilities::CULL_DISTANCE,
                    // Primitive index is allowed w/o any other extensions in any- and closest-hit shaders
                    Bi::PrimitiveIndex if !matches!(ep.stage, St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit) => {
                        Capabilities::PRIMITIVE_INDEX
                    }
                    Bi::Barycentric { .. } => Capabilities::SHADER_BARYCENTRICS,
                    Bi::ViewIndex => Capabilities::MULTIVIEW,
                    Bi::SampleIndex => Capabilities::MULTISAMPLED_SHADING,
                    Bi::NumSubgroups
                    | Bi::SubgroupId
                    | Bi::SubgroupSize
                    | Bi::SubgroupInvocationId => Capabilities::SUBGROUP,
                    Bi::DrawIndex => Capabilities::DRAW_INDEX,
                    _ => Capabilities::empty(),
                };
                if !self.capabilities.contains(required) {
                    return Err(VaryingError::UnsupportedCapability(required));
                }

                if matches!(
                    built_in,
                    crate::BuiltIn::SubgroupId | crate::BuiltIn::SubgroupInvocationId
                ) && ep.workgroup_size[1..].iter().any(|&s| s > 1)
                {
                    return Err(VaryingError::InvalidMultiDimensionalSubgroupBuiltIn);
                }

                let (visible, type_good) = match built_in {
                    Bi::BaseInstance | Bi::BaseVertex | Bi::VertexIndex => (
                        self.stage == St::Vertex && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::InstanceIndex => (
                        matches!(self.stage, St::Vertex | St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit)
                            && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::DrawIndex => (
                        // Always allowed in task/vertex stage. Allowed in mesh stage if there is no task stage in the pipeline.
                        (self.stage == St::Vertex
                            || self.stage == St::Task
                            || (self.stage == St::Mesh && !self.has_task_payload))
                            && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::ClipDistances | Bi::CullDistance => (
                        (self.stage == St::Vertex || self.stage == St::Mesh) && self.output,
                        match *ty_inner {
                            Ti::Array { base, size, .. } => {
                                self.types[base].inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::F32)
                                    && match size {
                                        crate::ArraySize::Constant(non_zero) => non_zero.get() <= 8,
                                        _ => false,
                                    }
                            }
                            _ => false,
                        },
                    ),
                    Bi::PointSize => (
                        (self.stage == St::Vertex || self.stage == St::Mesh) && self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::F32),
                    ),
                    Bi::PointCoord => (
                        self.stage == St::Fragment && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Bi,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::Position { .. } => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::Vertex | St::Mesh => self.output,
                            St::Fragment => !self.output,
                            St::Compute | St::Task => false,
                            St::RayGeneration | St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => false,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Quad,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::ViewIndex => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::Vertex | St::Fragment | St::Task | St::Mesh => !self.output,
                            St::Compute
                            | St::RayGeneration
                            | St::AnyHit
                            | St::ClosestHit
                            | St::Miss => false,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::FragDepth => (
                        self.stage == St::Fragment && self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::F32),
                    ),
                    Bi::FrontFacing => (
                        self.stage == St::Fragment && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::BOOL),
                    ),
                    Bi::PrimitiveIndex => (
                        (matches!(self.stage, St::Fragment | St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit)
                            && !self.output)
                            || (self.stage == St::Mesh
                                && self.output
                                && self.mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput),
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::Barycentric { .. } => (
                        self.stage == St::Fragment && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::SampleIndex => (
                        self.stage == St::Fragment && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::SampleMask => (
                        self.stage == St::Fragment,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::LocalInvocationIndex => (
                        self.stage.compute_like() && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::GlobalInvocationId
                    | Bi::LocalInvocationId
                    | Bi::WorkGroupId
                    | Bi::WorkGroupSize
                    | Bi::NumWorkGroups => (
                        self.stage.compute_like() && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::NumSubgroups | Bi::SubgroupId => (
                        self.stage.compute_like() && !self.output,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::SubgroupSize | Bi::SubgroupInvocationId => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::Compute
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Task
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::RayGeneration
                            | St::AnyHit
                            | St::ClosestHit
                            | St::Miss => !self.output,
                            St::Vertex => false,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::CullPrimitive => (
                        self.mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::BOOL),
                    ),
                    Bi::PointIndex => (
                        self.mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput,
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::LineIndices => (
                        self.mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput,
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Bi,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::TriangleIndices => (
                        self.mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput,
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::MeshTaskSize => (
                        self.stage == St::Task && self.output,
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::RayInvocationId => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::Vertex | St::Fragment | St::Compute | St::Mesh | St::Task => false,
                            St::RayGeneration | St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::NumRayInvocations => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::Vertex | St::Fragment | St::Compute | St::Mesh | St::Task => false,
                            St::RayGeneration | St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::InstanceCustomData => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::GeometryIndex => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    Bi::WorldRayOrigin => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::WorldRayDirection => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::ObjectRayOrigin => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::ObjectRayDirection => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Vector {
                                size: Vs::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::RayTmin => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::F32),
                    ),
                    Bi::RayTCurrentMax => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit | St::Miss => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::F32),
                    ),
                    Bi::ObjectToWorld => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Matrix {
                                columns: crate::VectorSize::Quad,
                                rows: crate::VectorSize::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::WorldToObject => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner
                            == Ti::Matrix {
                                columns: crate::VectorSize::Quad,
                                rows: crate::VectorSize::Tri,
                                scalar: crate::Scalar::F32,
                            },
                    ),
                    Bi::HitKind => (
                        match self.stage {
                            St::RayGeneration
                            | St::Miss
                            | St::Vertex
                            | St::Fragment
                            | St::Compute
                            | St::Mesh
                            | St::Task => false,
                            St::AnyHit | St::ClosestHit => true,
                        },
                        *ty_inner == Ti::Scalar(crate::Scalar::U32),
                    ),
                    // Validated elsewhere, shouldn't be here
                    Bi::VertexCount | Bi::PrimitiveCount | Bi::Vertices | Bi::Primitives => {
                        (false, true)
                    }
                };
                match built_in {
                    Bi::CullPrimitive
                    | Bi::PointIndex
                    | Bi::LineIndices
                    | Bi::TriangleIndices
                    | Bi::MeshTaskSize
                    | Bi::VertexCount
                    | Bi::PrimitiveCount
                    | Bi::Vertices
                    | Bi::Primitives => {
                        if !self.capabilities.contains(Capabilities::MESH_SHADER) {
                            return Err(VaryingError::UnsupportedCapability(
                                Capabilities::MESH_SHADER,
                            ));
                        }
                    }
                    _ => (),
                }

                if !visible {
                    return Err(VaryingError::InvalidBuiltInStage(built_in));
                }
                if !type_good {
                    return Err(VaryingError::InvalidBuiltInType(built_in, ty_inner.clone()));
                }
            }
            crate::Binding::Location {
                location,
                interpolation,
                sampling,
                blend_src,
                per_primitive,
            } => {
                if per_primitive && !self.capabilities.contains(Capabilities::MESH_SHADER) {
                    return Err(VaryingError::UnsupportedCapability(
                        Capabilities::MESH_SHADER,
                    ));
                }
                if interpolation == Some(crate::Interpolation::PerVertex) {
                    if self.stage != crate::ShaderStage::Fragment {
                        return Err(VaryingError::InvalidInterpolationInStage(
                            crate::Interpolation::PerVertex,
                            crate::ShaderStage::Fragment,
                        ));
                    }
                    if !self.capabilities.contains(Capabilities::PER_VERTEX) {
                        return Err(VaryingError::UnsupportedCapability(
                            Capabilities::PER_VERTEX,
                        ));
                    }
                    if sampling.is_some_and(|e| e != crate::Sampling::Center) {
                        return Err(VaryingError::InvalidPerVertexSampling);
                    }
                }
                // If this is per-vertex, we change the type we validate to the inner type, otherwise we leave it be.
                // This lets all validation be done on the inner type once we've ensured the per-vertex is array<T, 3>
                let (ty, ty_inner) = if interpolation == Some(crate::Interpolation::PerVertex) {
                    let three = crate::ArraySize::Constant(core::num::NonZeroU32::new(3).unwrap());
                    match ty_inner {
                        &Ti::Array { base, size, .. } if size == three => {
                            (base, &self.types[base].inner)
                        }
                        _ => return Err(VaryingError::PerVertexNotArrayOfThree),
                    }
                } else {
                    (ty, ty_inner)
                };

                // Only IO-shareable types may be stored in locations.
                if !self.type_info[ty.index()]
                    .flags
                    .contains(super::TypeFlags::IO_SHAREABLE)
                {
                    return Err(VaryingError::NotIOShareableType(ty));
                }

                // Check whether `per_primitive` is appropriate for this stage and direction.
                if self.mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput {
                    // All mesh shader `Location` outputs must be `per_primitive`.
                    if !per_primitive {
                        return Err(VaryingError::MissingPerPrimitive);
                    }
                } else if self.stage == crate::ShaderStage::Fragment && !self.output {
                    // Fragment stage inputs may be `per_primitive`. We'll only
                    // know if these are correct when the whole mesh pipeline is
                    // created and we're paired with a specific mesh or vertex
                    // shader.
                } else if per_primitive {
                    // All other `Location` bindings must not be `per_primitive`.
                    return Err(VaryingError::InvalidPerPrimitive);
                }

                if blend_src.is_some() {
                    return Err(VaryingError::BlendSrcNotOnStructMember);
                } else if !self.location_mask.insert(location as usize)
                    && self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::BINDINGS)
                {
                    return Err(VaryingError::BindingCollision { location });
                }

                if let Some(interpolation) = interpolation {
                    let invalid_sampling = match (interpolation, sampling) {
                        (_, None)
                        | (
                            crate::Interpolation::Perspective | crate::Interpolation::Linear,
                            Some(
                                crate::Sampling::Center
                                | crate::Sampling::Centroid
                                | crate::Sampling::Sample,
                            ),
                        )
                        | (
                            crate::Interpolation::Flat,
                            Some(crate::Sampling::First | crate::Sampling::Either),
                        ) => None,
                        (_, Some(invalid_sampling)) => Some(invalid_sampling),
                    };
                    if let Some(sampling) = invalid_sampling {
                        return Err(VaryingError::InvalidInterpolationSamplingCombination {
                            interpolation,
                            sampling,
                        });
                    }
                }

                let needs_interpolation = match self.stage {
                    crate::ShaderStage::Vertex => self.output,
                    crate::ShaderStage::Fragment => !self.output && !per_primitive,
                    crate::ShaderStage::Compute
                    | crate::ShaderStage::Task
                    | crate::ShaderStage::RayGeneration
                    | crate::ShaderStage::AnyHit
                    | crate::ShaderStage::ClosestHit
                    | crate::ShaderStage::Miss => false,
                    crate::ShaderStage::Mesh => self.output,
                };

                // It doesn't make sense to specify a sampling when `interpolation` is `Flat`, but
                // SPIR-V and GLSL both explicitly tolerate such combinations of decorators /
                // qualifiers, so we won't complain about that here.
                let _ = sampling;

                let mut required = match sampling {
                    Some(crate::Sampling::Sample) => Capabilities::MULTISAMPLED_SHADING,
                    _ => Capabilities::empty(),
                };
                if interpolation == Some(crate::Interpolation::Linear) {
                    required |= Capabilities::LINEAR_INTERPOLATION;
                }
                if !self.capabilities.contains(required) {
                    return Err(VaryingError::UnsupportedCapability(
                        required - self.capabilities,
                    ));
                }

                if interpolation != Some(crate::Interpolation::PerVertex) {
                    match ty_inner.scalar_kind() {
                        Some(crate::ScalarKind::Float) => {
                            // Default interpolation is applied in the front end.
                            if needs_interpolation && interpolation.is_none() {
                                return Err(VaryingError::MissingInterpolation);
                            }
                        }
                        Some(crate::ScalarKind::Sint | crate::ScalarKind::Uint) => {
                            // Integers do not have a default interpolation; `flat` must be
                            // specified explicitly.
                            if needs_interpolation
                                && interpolation != Some(crate::Interpolation::Flat)
                            {
                                return Err(VaryingError::InvalidInterpolationForInteger);
                            }
                        }
                        Some(_) | None => return Err(VaryingError::InvalidType(ty)),
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn validate(
        &mut self,
        ep: &crate::EntryPoint,
        ty: Handle<crate::Type>,
        binding: Option<&crate::Binding>,
    ) -> Result<(), WithSpan<VaryingError>> {
        let span_context = self.types.get_span_context(ty);
        match binding {
            Some(binding) => self
                .validate_impl(ep, ty, binding)
                .map_err(|e| e.with_span_context(span_context)),
            None => {
                let crate::TypeInner::Struct { ref members, .. } = self.types[ty].inner else {
                    if self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::BINDINGS) {
                        return Err(VaryingError::MissingBinding.with_span());
                    } else {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                };

                if self.type_info[ty.index()]
                    .flags
                    .contains(super::TypeFlags::IO_SHAREABLE)
                {
                    // `@blend_src` is the only case where `IO_SHAREABLE` is set on a struct (as
                    // opposed to members of a struct). The struct definition is validated during
                    // type validation.
                    if self.stage != crate::ShaderStage::Fragment {
                        return Err(
                            VaryingError::InvalidAttributeInStage("blend_src", self.stage)
                                .with_span(),
                        );
                    }
                    if !self.output {
                        return Err(VaryingError::InvalidInputAttributeInStage(
                            "blend_src",
                            self.stage,
                        )
                        .with_span());
                    }
                    // Dual blend sources must always be at location 0.
                    if !self.location_mask.insert(0)
                        && self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::BINDINGS)
                    {
                        return Err(VaryingError::BindingCollision { location: 0 }.with_span());
                    }

                    **self
                        .dual_source_blending
                        .as_mut()
                        .expect("unexpected dual source blending") = true;
                } else {
                    for (index, member) in members.iter().enumerate() {
                        let span_context = self.types.get_span_context(ty);
                        match member.binding {
                            None => {
                                if self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::BINDINGS) {
                                    return Err(VaryingError::MemberMissingBinding(index as u32)
                                        .with_span_context(span_context));
                                }
                            }
                            Some(ref binding) => self
                                .validate_impl(ep, member.ty, binding)
                                .map_err(|e| e.with_span_context(span_context))?,
                        }
                    }
                }
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
}

impl super::Validator {
    pub(super) fn validate_global_var(
        &self,
        var: &crate::GlobalVariable,
        gctx: crate::proc::GlobalCtx,
        mod_info: &ModuleInfo,
        global_expr_kind: &crate::proc::ExpressionKindTracker,
    ) -> Result<(), GlobalVariableError> {
        use super::TypeFlags;

        log::debug!("var {var:?}");
        let inner_ty = match gctx.types[var.ty].inner {
            // A binding array is (mostly) supposed to behave the same as a
            // series of individually bound resources, so we can (mostly)
            // validate a `binding_array<T>` as if it were just a plain `T`.
            crate::TypeInner::BindingArray { base, .. } => match var.space {
                crate::AddressSpace::Storage { .. } => {
                    if !self
                        .capabilities
                        .contains(Capabilities::STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY)
                    {
                        return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                            Capabilities::STORAGE_BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY,
                        ));
                    }
                    base
                }
                crate::AddressSpace::Uniform => {
                    if !self
                        .capabilities
                        .contains(Capabilities::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY)
                    {
                        return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                            Capabilities::BUFFER_BINDING_ARRAY,
                        ));
                    }
                    base
                }
                crate::AddressSpace::Handle => {
                    match gctx.types[base].inner {
                        crate::TypeInner::Image { class, .. } => match class {
                            crate::ImageClass::Storage { .. } => {
                                if !self
                                    .capabilities
                                    .contains(Capabilities::STORAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY)
                                {
                                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                                        Capabilities::STORAGE_TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY,
                                    ));
                                }
                            }
                            crate::ImageClass::Sampled { .. } | crate::ImageClass::Depth { .. } => {
                                if !self
                                    .capabilities
                                    .contains(Capabilities::TEXTURE_AND_SAMPLER_BINDING_ARRAY)
                                {
                                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                                        Capabilities::TEXTURE_AND_SAMPLER_BINDING_ARRAY,
                                    ));
                                }
                            }
                            crate::ImageClass::External => {
                                // This should have been rejected in `validate_type`.
                                unreachable!("binding arrays of external images are not supported");
                            }
                        },
                        crate::TypeInner::Sampler { .. } => {
                            if !self
                                .capabilities
                                .contains(Capabilities::TEXTURE_AND_SAMPLER_BINDING_ARRAY)
                            {
                                return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                                    Capabilities::TEXTURE_AND_SAMPLER_BINDING_ARRAY,
                                ));
                            }
                        }
                        crate::TypeInner::AccelerationStructure { .. } => {
                            if !self
                                .capabilities
                                .contains(Capabilities::ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BINDING_ARRAY)
                            {
                                return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                                    Capabilities::ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_BINDING_ARRAY,
                                ));
                            }
                        }
                        crate::TypeInner::RayQuery { .. } => {
                            // This should have been rejected in `validate_type`.
                            unreachable!("binding arrays of ray queries are not supported");
                        }
                        _ => {
                            // Fall through to the regular validation, which will reject `base`
                            // as invalid in `AddressSpace::Handle`.
                        }
                    }
                    base
                }
                _ => return Err(GlobalVariableError::InvalidUsage(var.space)),
            },
            _ => var.ty,
        };
        let type_info = &self.types[inner_ty.index()];

        let (required_type_flags, is_resource) = match var.space {
            crate::AddressSpace::Function => {
                return Err(GlobalVariableError::InvalidUsage(var.space))
            }
            crate::AddressSpace::Storage { access } => {
                if let Err((ty_handle, disalignment)) = type_info.storage_layout {
                    if self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::STRUCT_LAYOUTS) {
                        return Err(GlobalVariableError::Alignment(
                            var.space,
                            ty_handle,
                            disalignment,
                        ));
                    }
                }
                if access == crate::StorageAccess::STORE {
                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::StorageAddressSpaceWriteOnlyNotSupported);
                }
                (
                    TypeFlags::DATA | TypeFlags::HOST_SHAREABLE | TypeFlags::CREATION_RESOLVED,
                    true,
                )
            }
            crate::AddressSpace::Uniform => {
                if let Err((ty_handle, disalignment)) = type_info.uniform_layout {
                    if self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::STRUCT_LAYOUTS) {
                        return Err(GlobalVariableError::Alignment(
                            var.space,
                            ty_handle,
                            disalignment,
                        ));
                    }
                }
                (
                    TypeFlags::DATA
                        | TypeFlags::COPY
                        | TypeFlags::SIZED
                        | TypeFlags::HOST_SHAREABLE
                        | TypeFlags::CREATION_RESOLVED,
                    true,
                )
            }
            crate::AddressSpace::Handle => {
                match gctx.types[inner_ty].inner {
                    crate::TypeInner::Image { class, .. } => match class {
                        crate::ImageClass::Storage {
                            format:
                                crate::StorageFormat::R16Unorm
                                | crate::StorageFormat::R16Snorm
                                | crate::StorageFormat::Rg16Unorm
                                | crate::StorageFormat::Rg16Snorm
                                | crate::StorageFormat::Rgba16Unorm
                                | crate::StorageFormat::Rgba16Snorm,
                            ..
                        } => {
                            if !self
                                .capabilities
                                .contains(Capabilities::STORAGE_TEXTURE_16BIT_NORM_FORMATS)
                            {
                                return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                                    Capabilities::STORAGE_TEXTURE_16BIT_NORM_FORMATS,
                                ));
                            }
                        }
                        _ => {}
                    },
                    crate::TypeInner::Sampler { .. }
                    | crate::TypeInner::AccelerationStructure { .. }
                    | crate::TypeInner::RayQuery { .. } => {}
                    _ => {
                        return Err(GlobalVariableError::InvalidType(var.space));
                    }
                }

                (TypeFlags::empty(), true)
            }
            crate::AddressSpace::Private => (
                TypeFlags::CONSTRUCTIBLE | TypeFlags::CREATION_RESOLVED,
                false,
            ),
            crate::AddressSpace::WorkGroup => (TypeFlags::DATA | TypeFlags::SIZED, false),
            crate::AddressSpace::TaskPayload => {
                if !self.capabilities.contains(Capabilities::MESH_SHADER) {
                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                        Capabilities::MESH_SHADER,
                    ));
                }
                (TypeFlags::DATA | TypeFlags::SIZED, false)
            }
            crate::AddressSpace::Immediate => {
                if !self.capabilities.contains(Capabilities::IMMEDIATES) {
                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                        Capabilities::IMMEDIATES,
                    ));
                }
                if let Err(ref err) = type_info.immediates_compatibility {
                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::InvalidImmediateType(err.clone()));
                }
                (
                    TypeFlags::DATA
                        | TypeFlags::COPY
                        | TypeFlags::HOST_SHAREABLE
                        | TypeFlags::SIZED,
                    false,
                )
            }
            crate::AddressSpace::RayPayload | crate::AddressSpace::IncomingRayPayload => {
                if !self
                    .capabilities
                    .contains(Capabilities::RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE)
                {
                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::UnsupportedCapability(
                        Capabilities::RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE,
                    ));
                }
                (TypeFlags::DATA | TypeFlags::SIZED, false)
            }
        };

        if !type_info.flags.contains(required_type_flags) {
            return Err(GlobalVariableError::MissingTypeFlags {
                seen: type_info.flags,
                required: required_type_flags,
            });
        }

        if is_resource != var.binding.is_some() {
            if self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::BINDINGS) {
                return Err(GlobalVariableError::InvalidBinding);
            }
        }

        if var.space == crate::AddressSpace::TaskPayload {
            let ty = &gctx.types[var.ty].inner;
            // HLSL doesn't allow zero sized payloads.
            if ty.try_size(gctx) == Some(0) {
                return Err(GlobalVariableError::ZeroSizedTaskPayload);
            }
        }

        if !var.memory_decorations.is_empty()
            && !matches!(var.space, crate::AddressSpace::Storage { .. })
        {
            return Err(GlobalVariableError::InvalidMemoryDecorationsAddressSpace);
        }
        if var
            .memory_decorations
            .contains(crate::MemoryDecorations::COHERENT)
            && !self
                .capabilities
                .contains(Capabilities::MEMORY_DECORATION_COHERENT)
        {
            return Err(GlobalVariableError::CoherentNotSupported);
        }
        if var
            .memory_decorations
            .contains(crate::MemoryDecorations::VOLATILE)
            && !self
                .capabilities
                .contains(Capabilities::MEMORY_DECORATION_VOLATILE)
        {
            return Err(GlobalVariableError::VolatileNotSupported);
        }

        if let Some(init) = var.init {
            match var.space {
                crate::AddressSpace::Private | crate::AddressSpace::Function => {}
                _ => {
                    return Err(GlobalVariableError::InitializerNotAllowed(var.space));
                }
            }

            if !global_expr_kind.is_const_or_override(init) {
                return Err(GlobalVariableError::InitializerExprType);
            }

            if !gctx.compare_types(
                &crate::proc::TypeResolution::Handle(var.ty),
                &mod_info[init],
            ) {
                return Err(GlobalVariableError::InitializerType);
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Validate the mesh shader output type `ty`, used as `mesh_output_type`.
    fn validate_mesh_output_type(
        &mut self,
        ep: &crate::EntryPoint,
        module: &crate::Module,
        ty: Handle<crate::Type>,
        mesh_output_type: MeshOutputType,
    ) -> Result<(), WithSpan<EntryPointError>> {
        if !matches!(module.types[ty].inner, crate::TypeInner::Struct { .. }) {
            return Err(EntryPointError::InvalidMeshOutputType.with_span_handle(ty, &module.types));
        }
        let mut result_built_ins = crate::FastHashSet::default();
        let mut ctx = VaryingContext {
            stage: ep.stage,
            output: true,
            types: &module.types,
            type_info: &self.types,
            location_mask: &mut self.location_mask,
            dual_source_blending: None,
            built_ins: &mut result_built_ins,
            capabilities: self.capabilities,
            flags: self.flags,
            mesh_output_type,
            has_task_payload: ep.task_payload.is_some(),
        };
        ctx.validate(ep, ty, None)
            .map_err_inner(|e| EntryPointError::Result(e).with_span())?;
        if mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput {
            let mut num_indices_builtins = 0;
            if result_built_ins.contains(&crate::BuiltIn::PointIndex) {
                num_indices_builtins += 1;
            }
            if result_built_ins.contains(&crate::BuiltIn::LineIndices) {
                num_indices_builtins += 1;
            }
            if result_built_ins.contains(&crate::BuiltIn::TriangleIndices) {
                num_indices_builtins += 1;
            }
            if num_indices_builtins != 1 {
                return Err(EntryPointError::InvalidMeshPrimitiveOutputType
                    .with_span_handle(ty, &module.types));
            }
        } else if mesh_output_type == MeshOutputType::VertexOutput
            && !result_built_ins.contains(&crate::BuiltIn::Position { invariant: false })
        {
            return Err(
                EntryPointError::MissingVertexOutputPosition.with_span_handle(ty, &module.types)
            );
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    pub(super) fn validate_entry_point(
        &mut self,
        ep: &crate::EntryPoint,
        module: &crate::Module,
        mod_info: &ModuleInfo,
    ) -> Result<FunctionInfo, WithSpan<EntryPointError>> {
        match ep.stage {
            crate::ShaderStage::Task | crate::ShaderStage::Mesh
                if !self.capabilities.contains(Capabilities::MESH_SHADER) =>
            {
                return Err(
                    EntryPointError::UnsupportedCapability(Capabilities::MESH_SHADER).with_span(),
                );
            }
            crate::ShaderStage::RayGeneration
            | crate::ShaderStage::AnyHit
            | crate::ShaderStage::ClosestHit
            | crate::ShaderStage::Miss
                if !self
                    .capabilities
                    .contains(Capabilities::RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE) =>
            {
                return Err(EntryPointError::UnsupportedCapability(
                    Capabilities::RAY_TRACING_PIPELINE,
                )
                .with_span());
            }
            _ => {}
        }
        if ep.early_depth_test.is_some() {
            let required = Capabilities::EARLY_DEPTH_TEST;
            if !self.capabilities.contains(required) {
                return Err(
                    EntryPointError::Result(VaryingError::UnsupportedCapability(required))
                        .with_span(),
                );
            }

            if ep.stage != crate::ShaderStage::Fragment {
                return Err(EntryPointError::UnexpectedEarlyDepthTest.with_span());
            }
        }

        if ep.stage.compute_like() {
            if ep
                .workgroup_size
                .iter()
                .any(|&s| s == 0 || s > MAX_WORKGROUP_SIZE)
            {
                return Err(EntryPointError::OutOfRangeWorkgroupSize.with_span());
            }
        } else if ep.workgroup_size != [0; 3] {
            return Err(EntryPointError::UnexpectedWorkgroupSize.with_span());
        }

        match (ep.stage, &ep.mesh_info) {
            (crate::ShaderStage::Mesh, &None) => {
                return Err(EntryPointError::ExpectedMeshShaderAttributes.with_span());
            }
            (crate::ShaderStage::Mesh, &Some(..)) => {}
            (_, &Some(_)) => {
                return Err(EntryPointError::UnexpectedMeshShaderAttributes.with_span());
            }
            (_, _) => {}
        }

        let mut info = self
            .validate_function(&ep.function, module, mod_info, true)
            .map_err(WithSpan::into_other)?;

        // Validate the task shader payload.
        match ep.stage {
            // Task shaders must produce a payload.
            crate::ShaderStage::Task => {
                let Some(handle) = ep.task_payload else {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::ExpectedTaskPayload.with_span());
                };
                if module.global_variables[handle].space != crate::AddressSpace::TaskPayload {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::TaskPayloadWrongAddressSpace
                        .with_span_handle(handle, &module.global_variables));
                }
                info.insert_global_use(GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::WRITE, handle);
            }

            // Mesh shaders may accept a payload.
            crate::ShaderStage::Mesh => {
                if let Some(handle) = ep.task_payload {
                    if module.global_variables[handle].space != crate::AddressSpace::TaskPayload {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::TaskPayloadWrongAddressSpace
                            .with_span_handle(handle, &module.global_variables));
                    }
                    info.insert_global_use(GlobalUse::READ, handle);
                }
                if let Some(ref mesh_info) = ep.mesh_info {
                    info.insert_global_use(GlobalUse::READ, mesh_info.output_variable);
                }
            }

            // Other stages must not have a payload.
            _ => {
                if let Some(handle) = ep.task_payload {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::UnexpectedTaskPayload
                        .with_span_handle(handle, &module.global_variables));
                }
            }
        }

        {
            use super::ShaderStages;

            let stage_bit = match ep.stage {
                crate::ShaderStage::Vertex => ShaderStages::VERTEX,
                crate::ShaderStage::Fragment => ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
                crate::ShaderStage::Compute => ShaderStages::COMPUTE,
                crate::ShaderStage::Mesh => ShaderStages::MESH,
                crate::ShaderStage::Task => ShaderStages::TASK,
                crate::ShaderStage::RayGeneration => ShaderStages::RAY_GENERATION,
                crate::ShaderStage::AnyHit => ShaderStages::ANY_HIT,
                crate::ShaderStage::ClosestHit => ShaderStages::CLOSEST_HIT,
                crate::ShaderStage::Miss => ShaderStages::MISS,
            };

            if !info.available_stages.contains(stage_bit) {
                return Err(EntryPointError::ForbiddenStageOperations.with_span());
            }
        }

        self.location_mask.make_empty();
        let mut argument_built_ins = crate::FastHashSet::default();
        // TODO: add span info to function arguments
        for (index, fa) in ep.function.arguments.iter().enumerate() {
            let mut ctx = VaryingContext {
                stage: ep.stage,
                output: false,
                types: &module.types,
                type_info: &self.types,
                location_mask: &mut self.location_mask,
                dual_source_blending: Some(&mut info.dual_source_blending),
                built_ins: &mut argument_built_ins,
                capabilities: self.capabilities,
                flags: self.flags,
                mesh_output_type: MeshOutputType::None,
                has_task_payload: ep.task_payload.is_some(),
            };
            ctx.validate(ep, fa.ty, fa.binding.as_ref())
                .map_err_inner(|e| EntryPointError::Argument(index as u32, e).with_span())?;
            match ep.stage {
                nt::ShaderStage::Compute | nt::ShaderStage::Mesh | nt::ShaderStage::Task => {
                    let reject_location_binding = |binding| {
                        if let Some(&crate::ir::Binding::Location { .. }) = binding {
                            return Err(EntryPointError::Argument(
                                index as u32,
                                VaryingError::InvalidAttributeInStage("location", ep.stage),
                            )
                            .with_span());
                        }
                        Ok(())
                    };
                    reject_location_binding(fa.binding.as_ref())?;

                    if let &crate::TypeInner::Struct { ref members, .. } =
                        &module.types[fa.ty].inner
                    {
                        members
                            .iter()
                            .map(|m| m.binding.as_ref())
                            .try_for_each(reject_location_binding)?;
                    }
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Vertex
                | nt::ShaderStage::Fragment
                | nt::ShaderStage::RayGeneration
                | nt::ShaderStage::Miss
                | nt::ShaderStage::AnyHit
                | nt::ShaderStage::ClosestHit => {}
            }
        }

        self.location_mask.make_empty();
        if let Some(ref fr) = ep.function.result {
            let mut result_built_ins = crate::FastHashSet::default();
            let mut ctx = VaryingContext {
                stage: ep.stage,
                output: true,
                types: &module.types,
                type_info: &self.types,
                location_mask: &mut self.location_mask,
                dual_source_blending: Some(&mut info.dual_source_blending),
                built_ins: &mut result_built_ins,
                capabilities: self.capabilities,
                flags: self.flags,
                mesh_output_type: MeshOutputType::None,
                has_task_payload: ep.task_payload.is_some(),
            };
            ctx.validate(ep, fr.ty, fr.binding.as_ref())
                .map_err_inner(|e| EntryPointError::Result(e).with_span())?;
            match ep.stage {
                nt::ShaderStage::Vertex => {
                    if !result_built_ins.contains(&crate::BuiltIn::Position { invariant: false }) {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::MissingVertexOutputPosition.with_span());
                    }
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Mesh => {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::UnexpectedMeshShaderEntryResult.with_span())
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Task => {
                    let ok = module.types[fr.ty].inner
                        == crate::TypeInner::Vector {
                            size: crate::VectorSize::Tri,
                            scalar: crate::Scalar::U32,
                        };
                    if !ok {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::WrongTaskShaderEntryResult.with_span());
                    }
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Compute => {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::UnexpectedComputeShaderEntryResult.with_span())
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Fragment
                | nt::ShaderStage::RayGeneration
                | nt::ShaderStage::Miss
                | nt::ShaderStage::AnyHit
                | nt::ShaderStage::ClosestHit => {}
            }
        } else {
            match ep.stage {
                nt::ShaderStage::Vertex => {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::MissingVertexOutputPosition.with_span())
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Task => {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::WrongTaskShaderEntryResult.with_span())
                }
                nt::ShaderStage::Mesh
                | nt::ShaderStage::Fragment
                | nt::ShaderStage::Compute
                | nt::ShaderStage::RayGeneration
                | nt::ShaderStage::Miss
                | nt::ShaderStage::AnyHit
                | nt::ShaderStage::ClosestHit => {}
            }
        }

        {
            let mut used_immediates = module
                .global_variables
                .iter()
                .filter(|&(_, var)| var.space == crate::AddressSpace::Immediate)
                .map(|(handle, _)| handle)
                .filter(|&handle| !info[handle].is_empty());
            // Check if there is more than one immediate data, and error if so.
            // Use a loop for when returning multiple errors is supported.
            if let Some(handle) = used_immediates.nth(1) {
                return Err(EntryPointError::MoreThanOneImmediateUsed
                    .with_span_handle(handle, &module.global_variables));
            }
        }

        self.ep_resource_bindings.clear();
        for (var_handle, var) in module.global_variables.iter() {
            let usage = info[var_handle];
            if usage.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            if var.space == crate::AddressSpace::TaskPayload {
                if ep.task_payload != Some(var_handle) {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::WrongTaskPayloadUsed
                        .with_span_handle(var_handle, &module.global_variables));
                }
                let size = module.types[var.ty].inner.size(module.to_ctx());
                if size < 4 {
                    return Err(EntryPointError::TaskPayloadTooSmall(size)
                        .with_span_handle(var_handle, &module.global_variables));
                }
            }

            let allowed_usage = match var.space {
                crate::AddressSpace::Function => unreachable!(),
                crate::AddressSpace::Uniform => GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::QUERY,
                crate::AddressSpace::Storage { access } => storage_usage(access),
                crate::AddressSpace::Handle => match module.types[var.ty].inner {
                    crate::TypeInner::BindingArray { base, .. } => match module.types[base].inner {
                        crate::TypeInner::Image {
                            class: crate::ImageClass::Storage { access, .. },
                            ..
                        } => storage_usage(access),
                        _ => GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::QUERY,
                    },
                    crate::TypeInner::Image {
                        class: crate::ImageClass::Storage { access, .. },
                        ..
                    } => storage_usage(access),
                    _ => GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::QUERY,
                },
                crate::AddressSpace::Private | crate::AddressSpace::WorkGroup => {
                    GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::WRITE | GlobalUse::QUERY
                }
                crate::AddressSpace::TaskPayload => {
                    GlobalUse::READ
                        | GlobalUse::QUERY
                        | if ep.stage == crate::ShaderStage::Task {
                            GlobalUse::WRITE
                        } else {
                            GlobalUse::empty()
                        }
                }
                crate::AddressSpace::Immediate => GlobalUse::READ,
                crate::AddressSpace::RayPayload => {
                    if !matches!(
                        ep.stage,
                        crate::ShaderStage::RayGeneration
                            | crate::ShaderStage::ClosestHit
                            | crate::ShaderStage::Miss
                    ) {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::RayPayloadInInvalidStage(ep.stage)
                            .with_span_handle(var_handle, &module.global_variables));
                    }
                    GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::QUERY | GlobalUse::WRITE
                }
                crate::AddressSpace::IncomingRayPayload => {
                    if !matches!(
                        ep.stage,
                        crate::ShaderStage::AnyHit
                            | crate::ShaderStage::ClosestHit
                            | crate::ShaderStage::Miss
                    ) {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::IncomingRayPayloadInInvalidStage(ep.stage)
                            .with_span_handle(var_handle, &module.global_variables));
                    }
                    GlobalUse::READ | GlobalUse::QUERY | GlobalUse::WRITE
                }
            };
            if !allowed_usage.contains(usage) {
                log::warn!("\tUsage error for: {var:?}");
                log::warn!("\tAllowed usage: {allowed_usage:?}, requested: {usage:?}");
                return Err(EntryPointError::InvalidGlobalUsage(var_handle, usage)
                    .with_span_handle(var_handle, &module.global_variables));
            }

            if let Some(ref bind) = var.binding {
                if !self.ep_resource_bindings.insert(*bind) {
                    if self.flags.contains(super::ValidationFlags::BINDINGS) {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::BindingCollision(var_handle)
                            .with_span_handle(var_handle, &module.global_variables));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // If this is a `Mesh` entry point, check its vertex and primitive output types.
        // We verified previously that only mesh shaders can have `mesh_info`.
        if let &Some(ref mesh_info) = &ep.mesh_info {
            if module.global_variables[mesh_info.output_variable].space
                != crate::AddressSpace::WorkGroup
            {
                return Err(EntryPointError::WrongMeshOutputAddressSpace.with_span());
            }

            let mut implied = module.analyze_mesh_shader_info(mesh_info.output_variable);
            if let Some(e) = implied.2 {
                return Err(e);
            }

            if let Some(e) = mesh_info.max_vertices_override {
                if let crate::Expression::Override(o) = module.global_expressions[e] {
                    if implied.1[0] != Some(o) {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::BadMeshOutputVariableType.with_span());
                    }
                }
            }
            if let Some(e) = mesh_info.max_primitives_override {
                if let crate::Expression::Override(o) = module.global_expressions[e] {
                    if implied.1[1] != Some(o) {
                        return Err(EntryPointError::BadMeshOutputVariableType.with_span());
                    }
                }
            }

            implied.0.max_vertices_override = mesh_info.max_vertices_override;
            implied.0.max_primitives_override = mesh_info.max_primitives_override;
            if implied.0 != *mesh_info {
                return Err(EntryPointError::BadMeshOutputVariableType.with_span());
            }
            if mesh_info.topology == crate::MeshOutputTopology::Points
                && !self
                    .capabilities
                    .contains(Capabilities::MESH_SHADER_POINT_TOPOLOGY)
            {
                return Err(EntryPointError::UnsupportedCapability(
                    Capabilities::MESH_SHADER_POINT_TOPOLOGY,
                )
                .with_span());
            }

            self.validate_mesh_output_type(
                ep,
                module,
                mesh_info.vertex_output_type,
                MeshOutputType::VertexOutput,
            )?;
            self.validate_mesh_output_type(
                ep,
                module,
                mesh_info.primitive_output_type,
                MeshOutputType::PrimitiveOutput,
            )?;
        }

        Ok(info)
    }
}